{"id":10796,"date":"2025-10-27T13:40:55","date_gmt":"2025-10-27T13:40:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=10796"},"modified":"2025-10-30T01:26:07","modified_gmt":"2025-10-30T01:26:07","slug":"indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/","title":{"rendered":"India\u2019s Review of Berne and TRIPS Compliance"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In an era defined by the velocity of digital innovation and the transnational flow of creative works, India finds itself at the crossroads of tradition and globalisation in the field of intellectual property (IP). The twin pillars of the international copyright architecture \u2014 the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne) and the Agreement on Trade\u2011Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) \u2014 remain central to India\u2019s obligations and aspirations. This article explores how India has fared in aligning its domestic legal framework with these treaties, particularly in the digital age, and examines the enforcement challenges facing Indian creators whose works gain international traction.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#1_Setting_the_Scene_Berne_and_TRIPS_in_Brief\" >1. Setting the Scene: Berne and TRIPS in Brief<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#2_Indias_Legal_Alignment_Domestic_Law_and_Treaty_Standards\" >2. India\u2019s Legal Alignment: Domestic Law and Treaty Standards<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#21_Historical_accession_and_foundational_laws\" >2.1 Historical accession and foundational laws<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#22_Amendments_in_the_light_of_TRIPS\" >2.2 Amendments in the light of TRIPS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#23_Core_standards_automatic_protection_national_treatment_minimum_terms\" >2.3 Core standards: automatic protection, national treatment &amp; minimum terms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#24_Coverage_in_the_digital_age_and_related_rights\" >2.4 Coverage in the digital age and related rights<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#3_Indias_Performance_Strengths_and_Shortfalls\" >3. India\u2019s Performance: Strengths and Shortfalls<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#31_Strengths_A_robust_foundation\" >3.1 Strengths: A robust foundation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#32_Shortfalls_and_grey_areas\" >3.2 Shortfalls and grey areas<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#4_Digital_Globalisation_New_Frontiers_New_Challenges\" >4. Digital Globalisation: New Frontiers, New Challenges<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#41_Cross-border_enforcement\" >4.1 Cross-border enforcement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#42_Platform_liability_and_intermediary_safe-harbour\" >4.2 Platform liability and intermediary safe-harbour<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#43_Adaptation_of_treaties_for_new_mediums\" >4.3 Adaptation of treaties for new mediums<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#5_Implications_for_Indian_Creators_with_International_Reach\" >5. Implications for Indian Creators with International Reach<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#6_Looking_Ahead_Policy_and_Strategic_Recommendations\" >6. Looking Ahead: Policy and Strategic Recommendations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#7_Conclusion\" >7. Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indias-review-of-berne-and-trips-compliance\/#About_The_Author\" >About The Author<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Setting_the_Scene_Berne_and_TRIPS_in_Brief\"><\/span>1. Setting the Scene: Berne and TRIPS in Brief<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Berne&nbsp;Convention, first adopted in 1886 and subsequently revised, established the principle that literary and artistic works deserve protection across borders, without the need for formalities, and that authors should enjoy certain minimum rights. ([scribd.com])<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The TRIPS&nbsp;Agreement, which entered into force on 1&nbsp;January&nbsp;1995 under the aegis of the World Trade Organization (WTO), brought IP rights into the trade sphere \u2014 mandating that member states must implement minimum standards for copyright (and related rights) and ensure enforceability. ([journal.lawmantra.co.in])<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Critically, the link between them is explicit: TRIPS Article&nbsp;9(1) obliges WTO members to comply with Articles&nbsp;1\u201321 of Berne. ([worldwidejournals.com])<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, for India \u2014 as a WTO member and a party to Berne \u2014 the expectation is dual: first, to implement the substantive standards of Berne; second, to reinforce those standards with effective enforcement under the TRIPS regime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Indias_Legal_Alignment_Domestic_Law_and_Treaty_Standards\"><\/span>2. India\u2019s Legal Alignment: Domestic Law and Treaty Standards<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"historical-accession\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"21_Historical_accession_and_foundational_laws\"><\/span>2.1 Historical accession and foundational laws<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>India ratified the Berne&nbsp;Convention (as revised at Paris) on 7&nbsp;October&nbsp;1974. ([worldwidejournals.com]) The foundational domestic statute \u2014 the Copyright Act, 1957 \u2014 built a regime for literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works, cinematograph films and sound recordings, and provided for protection of foreign works by virtue of the international treaty obligations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"amendments-trips\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"22_Amendments_in_the_light_of_TRIPS\"><\/span>2.2 Amendments in the light of TRIPS<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Copyright Act was amended over the years (notably in 1994, 1999, and 2012) to reflect evolving standards \u2014 for instance, to include computer programmes as literary works, to extend broadcasting rights, to strengthen performer rights, and to provide for rights in the digital environment. ([worldwidejournals.com]) A notable commentary observes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cThe Copyright (Amendment) Act,\u20202012 &#8230; the law on copyright is in consonance with the TRIPS Agreement.\u201d ([worldwidejournals.com])<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"core-standards\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"23_Core_standards_automatic_protection_national_treatment_minimum_terms\"><\/span>2.3 Core standards: automatic protection, national treatment &amp; minimum terms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Under Berne and TRIPS, several principles are critical:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Automatic protection<\/strong>: Works are protected upon creation, without formalities (registration etc.). ([ijfmr.com])<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>National treatment<\/strong>: A contracting party grants to nationals of other parties treatment no less favourable than that granted to its own nationals. ([ijfmr.com])<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Minimum term of protection<\/strong>: For example, Berne (Art\u00a07) demands life of the author\u00a0+50\u00a0years; TRIPS mirrors that requirement. ([worldwidejournals.com])<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>India\u2019s law does adopt these notions: registration is not required for protection; foreign&nbsp;works benefit; and minimum terms reflect the international standard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"digital-coverage\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"24_Coverage_in_the_digital_age_and_related_rights\"><\/span>2.4 Coverage in the digital age and related rights<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>TRIPS extends minimum standards to related rights (performers, phonograms, broadcasting) under Article&nbsp;14, though it is acknowledged that the minimum rights in performers\/phonograms are somewhat narrower than under older treaties. ([worldwidejournals.com]) Indian law responded with amendments to include rights of performers, broadcasters, and reproduction rights in the 1990s and 2000s. ([worldwidejournals.com])<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, TRIPS Article&nbsp;10 mandates computer programmes be protected as literary works \u2014 a requirement which India incorporated. ([worldwidejournals.com])<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Indias_Performance_Strengths_and_Shortfalls\"><\/span>3. India\u2019s Performance: Strengths and Shortfalls<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"strengths\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"31_Strengths_A_robust_foundation\"><\/span>3.1 Strengths: A robust foundation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>India was comparatively ahead among developing countries in ratifying Berne and adopting its standards in the Copyright Act. ([scribd.com])<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The 2012 Amendment strengthened author and performer rights, and dealt with emerging digital uses \u2014 a positive step towards bringing Indian law into alignment with treaty obligations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Many of the minimum standards under TRIPS (for example, the term of protection, rights in computer programmes, broadcast reproduction rights) have been transposed into Indian law.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"shortfalls\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"32_Shortfalls_and_grey_areas\"><\/span>3.2 Shortfalls and grey areas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Moral rights<\/strong>: Berne Article\u00a06bis confers moral rights (e.g., right of attribution, to object to derogatory treatment). TRIPS does <em>not<\/em> require protection of Article\u00a06bis rights (see TRIPS Art\u00a09(2)). ([mckinneylaw.iu.edu]) While Indian law recognises moral rights (in authorship and integrity) via the Copyright Act (Section\u00a057), the jurisprudence remains embryonic and the practical enforceability in the digital context is complex.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Digital enforcement\/parallel imports<\/strong>: While the law provides rights, enforcement in the age of the internet \u2014 streaming, global platforms, cross\u2011border infringement \u2014 poses practical challenges. Scholarly analyses flag India\u2019s ongoing work in adapting to enforcement in the digital environment. ([spicyip.com])<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Exceptions &amp; limitations<\/strong>: TRIPS Article\u00a013 allows exceptions\/limitations provided they do not conflict with normal exploitation nor unreasonably prejudice rights\u2011holders. Indian law\u2019s fair dealing provisions and other limitations (Section\u00a052 etc.) reflect this balance, but some commentators argue that the balance tilts in favour of access rather than optimal reward for creators. ([ijfmr.com])<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transnational protection for Indian creators<\/strong>: While India protects domestic works, ensuring Indian creators gain protections (and enforce them) internationally remains harder \u2014 given differing national laws, platform challenges, and jurisdictional hurdles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Digital_Globalisation_New_Frontiers_New_Challenges\"><\/span>4. Digital Globalisation: New Frontiers, New Challenges<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The digital era throws a fresh set of questions into the mix. When an Indian author\u2019s work attains visibility in multiple jurisdictions (via streaming, digital publishing, online platforms), treaty\u2011based protection becomes necessary\u2014but not sufficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cross-border-enforcement\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"41_Cross-border_enforcement\"><\/span>4.1 Cross-border enforcement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A creator in India may find their work exploited on a foreign platform or by a foreign user. While Berne and TRIPS provide the framework (automatic protection, national treatment), the practicalities of enforcing rights across borders\u2014identifying infringers, securing judgments, executing them\u2014pose obstacles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"platform-liability\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"42_Platform_liability_and_intermediary_safe-harbour\"><\/span>4.2 Platform liability and intermediary safe-harbour<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The global platforms (video streaming, user\u2011generated content, social networks) often fall under intermediary regimes. Indian law is still evolving in how it holds intermediaries accountable for infringements of copyright; the treaties themselves provide only minimal normative standards, and much depends on national implementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"treaty-adaptation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"43_Adaptation_of_treaties_for_new_mediums\"><\/span>4.3 Adaptation of treaties for new mediums<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The original formulations of Berne and TRIPS did not anticipate AI\u2011generated content, user\u2011remix culture, streaming\u2011only models, or blockchain\u2011based distribution. Indian law must continue to evolve to ensure creators\u2019 rights are protected in these novel contexts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Implications_for_Indian_Creators_with_International_Reach\"><\/span>5. Implications for Indian Creators with International Reach<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Opportunity<\/strong>: From the moment of creation, their works are protected in India (thanks to automatic protection) and, by virtue of national treatment under Berne\/TRIPS, in other contracting states. This opens the door to international exploitation, licensing, cross\u2011border collaborations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Caveat<\/strong>: Protection abroad is only meaningful if enforcement mechanisms are workable. Creators must be aware of the varying IP regimes in target countries, the cost of enforcement, and the digital intermediaries\u2019 role.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Licensing &amp; market access<\/strong>: The treaties support a structure where works can be licensed transnationally; Indian creators need to strategically leverage this by partnering with global intermediaries or rights\u2011management bodies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Digital vigilance<\/strong>: With the proliferation of digital channels, creators must monitor exploitation worldwide, use modern rights\u2011management tools (digital rights management, metadata, content identification systems) and engage in proactive contract drafting (territories, platforms, formats).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Public interest balance<\/strong>: Indian law\u2019s limitations\/exceptions (for education, research, libraries) reflect a public\u2011interest balance. Creators should be aware that not every use is strictly exclusive, and they must design contractual and commercial strategies accordingly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Looking_Ahead_Policy_and_Strategic_Recommendations\"><\/span>6. Looking Ahead: Policy and Strategic Recommendations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Strengthen enforcement capacity<\/strong>: India must invest further in digital\u2011age enforcement (digital forensics, takedown mechanisms, cross\u2011border cooperation) so that treaty\u2011based protection yields practical outcomes for creators.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Enhance platform liability frameworks<\/strong>: Clarifying intermediary obligations under Indian law will help creators by ensuring that platforms can be held accountable for widespread infringing use of their works.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Harmonise with emerging treaties<\/strong>: India may consider accession or alignment with newer treaties (for example WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) or the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT)) which better address digital use\u2011cases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Creator awareness &amp; capacity\u2011building<\/strong>: Indian creators must be educated about international rights, licensing models, digital monetisation, rights\u2011management technologies and cross\u2011border risks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Balance access and reward<\/strong>: Policy must continue to strike the twin goals of rewarding creators (as the treaties envisage) and ensuring public access (particularly in a developing country context). Development\u2011sensitive provisions must remain calibrated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Continuous legal reform<\/strong>: As technology evolves, the law must keep pace \u2014 covering issues such as user\u2011generated content, artificial intelligence, global streaming, blockchain, non\u2011fungible tokens (NFTs). The foundational treaties offer minimum standards but not exhaustive solutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Conclusion\"><\/span>7. Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>India&#8217;s journey under the twin stars of the Berne&nbsp;Convention and the TRIPS&nbsp;Agreement has been commendable in establishing a robust domestic copyright regime, aligning key standards, and offering protection to creators both at home and, in principle, abroad. Yet the real test now lies in the digital age: can Indian creators truly exploit their rights globally, and can the legal and enforcement ecosystem adapt swiftly to protect them?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For creators whose work transcends borders \u2014 whether a novelist in Delhi, a filmmaker in Mumbai distributing globally, a digital artist in Bengaluru monetising via international platforms \u2014 the international treaty framework is a powerful enabler. But it also demands vigilance, strategy, and global awareness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As India continues to integrate into the global creative economy, the interplay of treaty compliance, domestic reform, digital architecture and enforcement effectiveness will determine whether Indian creativity commands its rightful place \u2014 not just in India, but on the world stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"About_The_Author\"><\/span>About The Author<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>I am <strong>Adv. Tarun Choudhury<\/strong>, Supreme Court advocate with 25&nbsp;years\u2019 experience and a prominent Intellectual Property lawyer in India. My practice spans copyrights, trademarks, patents and<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In an era defined by the velocity of digital innovation and the transnational flow of creative works, India finds itself at the crossroads of tradition and globalisation in the field of intellectual property (IP). The twin pillars of the international copyright architecture \u2014 the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[3095],"class_list":{"0":"post-10796","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-intellectual-property","7":"tag-copyright-law"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10796","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10796"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10796\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10796"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10796"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10796"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}