{"id":11586,"date":"2025-11-12T12:48:16","date_gmt":"2025-11-12T12:48:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=11586"},"modified":"2025-11-12T12:52:02","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T12:52:02","slug":"an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"An Analytical Study of Victimology, Learning about Victims, Legal Remedies and Support Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"introduction\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In the criminal justice system, where the focus has always been on the culprit, victims are frequently ignored. However, victimology&#8217;s birth as a separate profession has radically changed our understanding of crime by putting victims at the heart of criminal justice study.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#1_Conceptual_Framework_of_Victimology\" >1. Conceptual Framework of Victimology<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#11_Defining_Victimology\" >1.1 Defining Victimology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#12_Scope_and_Significance\" >1.2 Scope and Significance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#13_Theoretical_Perspectives_of_Importance\" >1.3 Theoretical Perspectives of Importance<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#a_Victim_Precipitation_Theory\" >a) Victim Precipitation Theory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#b_Lifestyle_Theory\" >b) Lifestyle Theory<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#c_Routine_Activity_Theory\" >c) Routine Activity Theory<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#2_Legal_Provisions_and_Compensatory_Reliefs\" >2. Legal Provisions and Compensatory Reliefs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#Rewards_in_Particular_Categories\" >Rewards in Particular Categories<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#Judicial_Trends\" >Judicial Trends<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#Victim_Support_and_Rehabilitation\" >Victim Support and Rehabilitation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#Rehabilitation_Measures\" >Rehabilitation Measures<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#AI-Based_Tools_in_Victim_Support\" >AI-Based Tools in Victim Support<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#Victim-Offender_Dynamics_and_Technological_Integration\" >Victim-Offender Dynamics and Technological Integration<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#The_Victim-Offender_Relationship\" >The Victim-Offender Relationship<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#Technology_as_a_Force_Multiplier\" >Technology as a Force Multiplier<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/an-analytical-study-of-victimology-learning-about-victims-legal-remedies-and-support-systems\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>The main focus of this assignment is the many aspects of victimology, including its theoretical underpinnings and useful legal frameworks that offer options for relief, support, and rehabilitation to victims of damage. Understanding how contemporary tools could improve victim care is crucial for a complete approach to criminal justice reform in an era where technology is becoming more and more intertwined with the administration of justice.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"conceptual-framework\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Conceptual_Framework_of_Victimology\"><\/span>1. Conceptual Framework of Victimology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"defining-victimology\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Defining_Victimology\"><\/span>1.1 Defining Victimology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Victimology is a sub-discipline within criminology that focuses mainly on the victims; it is the scientific examination of the damages people experience as a result of their involvement in illegal activities physically, emotionally, and financially. It primarily examines how the victim and the perpetrator, the victim and the criminal justice system, and the overall surrounding victimization environmental circumstance interact. That is, victimology can be described as a study to understand the basic truths about who the victim is, why certain individuals are more susceptible than others to victimization, and what happens to be the victim.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"scope-significance\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Scope_and_Significance\"><\/span>1.2 Scope and Significance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Victimology is not another concept in a textbook but finds its way into real life and sets policies, laws, and support systems in place to help victims. It appears everywhere in the criminal justice system.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is an empirical science that explores the patterns of victimization to propose steps to be taken by members of vulnerable communities.<\/li>\n<li>It represents the side of the victims in court, helping to prevent additional trauma that may arise from a system expected to defend them.<\/li>\n<li>It provides information on how crime affects people psychologically, allowing us to enhance the healing process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"theoretical-perspectives\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"13_Theoretical_Perspectives_of_Importance\"><\/span>1.3 Theoretical Perspectives of Importance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 id=\"victim-precipitation-theory\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a_Victim_Precipitation_Theory\"><\/span>a) Victim Precipitation Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>This approach theorizes the conditions under which a victim incites and fosters a conflict with an offender (Lind, 2014). Marvin Wolfgang\u2019s work launched the Victim Precipitation Theory. The theory demonstrates how victims can at times take part in the crimes perpetrated against them by their actions.<\/p>\n<p>It is not an excuse for criminals to escape punishment, but the actions of victims may sometimes be interpreted as contributing to the incident. For instance, Wolfgang\u2019s analysis of homicides in Philadelphia revealed that a quarter of them involved victims who confronted the criminal, thereby inciting the crime by being aggressive.<\/p>\n<p>Critics argue that victim-blaming, particularly in sexual assault cases, can worsen the situation. Although there might be instances of conflict provocation by victims, the law and morality remain against the criminal.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"lifestyle-theory\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"b_Lifestyle_Theory\"><\/span>b) Lifestyle Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>The Lifestyle Theory, developed by Michael Hindelang, Michael Gottfredson, and James Garofalo, posits that the risk of victimization is greatly influenced by a person\u2019s lifestyle. The most vulnerable individuals are those who associate with criminals or frequent crime-prone areas. For example, individuals who visit bars late at night, get drunk, or socialize with gang members face higher risks of being attacked or robbed.<\/p>\n<p>This theory demonstrates that victimization is not random but follows patterns linked to lifestyle choices. Practically, this assists in creating crime prevention policies that promote behavioral change and awareness among vulnerable groups, such as students in cities and young professionals.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"routine-activity-theory\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"c_Routine_Activity_Theory\"><\/span>c) Routine Activity Theory<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Proposed by Cohen and Felson, this theory suggests that crime occurs when three conditions are met:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The presence of a criminal who wishes to commit the crime<\/li>\n<li>A desirable target<\/li>\n<li>The absence of a capable guardian<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Changes in daily routines can alter crime opportunities. Based on this theory, crime prevention strategies like enhanced street lighting and CCTV surveillance are encouraged.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"legal-provisions\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Legal_Provisions_and_Compensatory_Reliefs\"><\/span>2. Legal Provisions and Compensatory Reliefs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The constitutional and statutory framework provides several mechanisms for victim compensation and relief, as shown below:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"8\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Law \/ Provision<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>CrPC Section 357<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Permits courts to award damages to victims at their discretion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>CrPC Section 357A (2008 Amendment)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Mandates states to establish Victim Compensation Schemes, allowing victims to receive damages even when the perpetrator cannot be traced.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>BNSS 2023: Sections 396\u2013397<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Section 396 mandates plain compensation schemes; Section 397 allows courts to award compensation even in cases of acquittal if real harm occurred.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Authorizes NALSA to operate schemes through local legal services. In 2013, the Supreme Court directed all states to create comprehensive schemes ranging from \u20b93 to \u20b910 lakh based on crime severity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (Section 166)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Empowers tribunals to grant compensation for death or injury in road accidents. The 2019 amendment fixed minimum compensation at \u20b95 lakh for death and \u20b92.5 lakh for grievous injury.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"rewards-in-particular-categories\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rewards_in_Particular_Categories\"><\/span>Rewards in Particular Categories<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Victims of an Acid Attack:<\/strong> IPC Sec. 326A (later amended to almost the same exact regulation in the 2023 book of Bernard Nuancing Save Sec. 124 BNS) almost saves 10 years of imprisonment. In 2015, the Supreme Court requested the minimum compensation of \u20b93 lakh, free treatment, and surgery; some states reached \u20b910 lakh.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rape Victims:<\/strong> In 2013, the Amendment introduced victim-centric rules following the case in post-2012 Delhi. They are typically state schemes with \u20b95\u201310 lakh compensation; in case of minors, more. POCSO must ensure child-friendly compensation. India has One-Stop Centres that package medical assistance, police, legal aid, and temporary shelter.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"judicial-trends\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judicial_Trends\"><\/span>Judicial Trends<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Victim-oriented vibes of the judiciary. DWF received a complete rehab structure in 1995, namely: money, jobs, and social support. In 2000, <em>Chairman, Railway Board v. Chandrima Das<\/em> recognized that even foreigners are entitled to compensation in case of sexual assault \u2014 a ruling praised widely.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"victim-support-and-rehabilitation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Victim_Support_and_Rehabilitation\"><\/span>Victim Support and Rehabilitation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Fund\/Measure<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Central Victim Compensation Fund<\/td>\n<td>An individual is paid compensation amounting to half the sum of the compensation awarded by the Court of First Instance (1983).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nirbhaya Fund (2013)<\/td>\n<td>\u20b91,000 crores dedicated to enhancing women&#8217;s safety, shelters, crisis centres, and awareness programs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The Central Fund supplements state plans, particularly on cross-border crimes and terrorism.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"rehabilitation-measures\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rehabilitation_Measures\"><\/span>Rehabilitation Measures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Psychological Rehabilitation:<\/strong> Trauma is processed and confidence rebuilt through counselling.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Medical Rehabilitation:<\/strong> Includes continuous treatment, surgeries, and therapy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Skill Training:<\/strong> Provides economic self-sufficiency.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social Rehabilitation:<\/strong> Addresses the issue of stigma, crucial for assault and acid-attack survivors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"ai-based-tools-in-victim-support\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"AI-Based_Tools_in_Victim_Support\"><\/span>AI-Based Tools in Victim Support<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>AI can up the game. Chatbots operate 24\/7 crisis support, providing fast and anonymous advice. Predictive analytics detect patterns and initiate early action. Machine Learning accelerates claim processing by automatically verifying documents.<\/p>\n<p>However, technology brings ethical challenges. Data privacy and algorithmic bias are key concerns. If training data is prejudiced, the AI reproduces social slurs. Excessive reliance on technology risks making support impersonal. There must be a strict preservation of human empathy alongside AI\u2014not its replacement.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"victim-offender-dynamics-and-technological-integration\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Victim-Offender_Dynamics_and_Technological_Integration\"><\/span>Victim-Offender Dynamics and Technological Integration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"the-victim-offender-relationship\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Victim-Offender_Relationship\"><\/span>The Victim-Offender Relationship<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Many crimes occur among individuals familiar with each other. Domestic violence often involves intimate partners, creating emotional and financial dependence. Restorative justice provides an opportunity for victims to express pain and receive recognition. Properly implemented, it can heal better than pure punishment; poorly implemented, it can re-traumatize victims.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"technology-as-a-force-multiplier\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Technology_as_a_Force_Multiplier\"><\/span>Technology as a Force Multiplier<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Online Reporting:<\/strong> Eliminates the burden of visiting the police.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mobile Apps:<\/strong> Enable calling helplines and accessing legal information instantly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Social Media:<\/strong> Can raise awareness but may also invite harassment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Blockchain:<\/strong> Can freeze compensation records, prevent fraud, and ensure transparency.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Smart Contracts:<\/strong> Automate payments and reduce bureaucracy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>VR Therapy:<\/strong> Shows benefits in crime victim rehabilitation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Technology must remain victim-centered \u2014 ensuring accessibility for all, protecting privacy, and maintaining the human touch.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The evolution of victimology from a marginal field to a core pillar of criminal justice reform reflects a transformative change in the understanding of crime and justice. Recognizing victims as agents of justice ensures a more humane and effective legal system.<\/p>\n<p>Theoretical models such as Victim Precipitation and Routine Activity Theory explain patterns of victimization and support prevention efforts. India, through CrPC, BNSS, and specialized acts, demonstrates progressive dedication to victim welfare. Judicial activism, especially in cases involving acid attacks and rape, has expanded compensation scope.<\/p>\n<p>Yet, challenges remain: lack of awareness, procedural hurdles, and social stigma hinder access to remedies. Compensation often falls short of actual rehabilitation needs. Technology offers promise to overcome these barriers \u2014 provided ethical safeguards and empathy remain central.<\/p>\n<p>Moving forward, a holistic approach combining strong legal frameworks, effective implementation, comprehensive rehabilitation, and judicious technology use is essential. Ultimately, the true measure of a justice system lies not in how harshly it punishes wrongdoers, but in how compassionately it supports the victims of crime.<\/p>\n<p><b>End Notes: <\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>2023 Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita<\/li>\n<li>Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973<\/li>\n<li>Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987<\/li>\n<li>Motor Vehicles Act, 1988<\/li>\n<li>Probation of Offenders Act, 1958<\/li>\n<li>Bodhisattwa Gautam v. Subhra Chakraborty, AIR 1996 SC 922<\/li>\n<li>Laxmi v. Union of India, (2015) 13 SCC 421<\/li>\n<li>Delhi Domestic Working Women v. Forum, Union of India, (1995) 1 SCC 14<\/li>\n<li>Wolfgang, Marvin E., &#8220;Victim Precipitated Criminal Homicide,&#8221; Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1957<\/li>\n<li>Cohen, Lawrence E. and Felson, Marcus, &#8220;Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: Routine Activity Approach,&#8221; American Sociological Review, 1979<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction In the criminal justice system, where the focus has always been on the culprit, victims are frequently ignored. However, victimology&#8217;s birth as a separate profession has radically changed our understanding of crime by putting victims at the heart of criminal justice study. The main focus of this assignment is the many aspects of victimology,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":734,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[28],"class_list":{"0":"post-11586","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-criminal-law","7":"tag-top-news"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11586","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/734"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11586"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11586\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11586"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11586"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11586"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}