{"id":12019,"date":"2025-11-20T07:27:32","date_gmt":"2025-11-20T07:27:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=12019"},"modified":"2025-11-20T07:30:39","modified_gmt":"2025-11-20T07:30:39","slug":"constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/","title":{"rendered":"Constitutional Supremacy Over Parliamentary Persistence"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"introductory-note\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introductory_Note\"><\/span>Introductory Note<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This is the latest chapter in the long-running legal battle between the Madras Bar Association and the Government of India over how tribunals should be set up and run in our country. Tribunals are special courts created by laws to decide specific kinds of disputes quickly \u2013 like tax cases, company matters, labour disputes, consumer complaints, intellectual property issues, and many others \u2013 so that regular courts are not overloaded. Over the last forty years the Supreme Court has repeatedly told the government that these tribunals must be truly independent, free from government control in appointments, salary, tenure, and day-to-day working, because they perform judicial functions almost like courts.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Introductory_Note\" >Introductory Note<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Factual_Background\" >Factual Background<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Procedural_Detail\" >Procedural Detail<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Core_Dispute\" >Core Dispute<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Detailed_Reasoning\" >Detailed Reasoning<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#History_of_Tribunal_Cases\" >History of Tribunal Cases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Constitutional_Disobedience_Observation\" >Constitutional Disobedience Observation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Issues_Analysed\" >Issues Analysed<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Decision\" >Decision<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Concluding_Note\" >Concluding Note<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Case_Information\" >Case Information<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Disclaimer\" >Disclaimer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/constitutional-supremacy-over-parliamentary-persistence\/#Written_By\" >Written By<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"factual-background\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factual_Background\"><\/span>Factual Background<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The government brought the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021, which:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fixed a minimum age of fifty years for appointment<\/li>\n<li>Gave only four years tenure instead of five<\/li>\n<li>Allowed the government to choose from a panel of two names instead of one<\/li>\n<li>Tied house rent allowance to ordinary government officers\u2019 rates<\/li>\n<li>Used strong \u201cnotwithstanding any judgment\u201d clauses to override earlier Supreme Court orders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Madras Bar Association challenged this law saying it was almost exactly the same as the 2021 Ordinance that the Supreme Court had already struck down just a few months earlier. They argued that Parliament cannot simply re-enact something the Court has declared unconstitutional without removing the defects. A Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court heard the matter and on 19 November 2025 delivered a powerful judgment upholding the independence of tribunals and striking down the most objectionable parts of the 2021 Act.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"procedural-detail\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Procedural_Detail\"><\/span>Procedural Detail<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The lead case was Writ Petition (Civil) No. 1018 of 2021 filed by the Madras Bar Association directly in the Supreme Court under Article 32. Another connected petition was Writ Petition (Civil No. 626 of 2021. During the hearing the Attorney General requested that the matter be referred to a larger bench saying the earlier judgments needed reconsideration. The Court rejected that request because the issues had already been settled by larger benches earlier.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"core-dispute\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Core_Dispute\"><\/span>Core Dispute<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The heart of the dispute was very simple \u2013 can Parliament ignore repeated Supreme Court directions about how tribunals should be run and pass a law that directly goes against those directions?<\/p>\n<p>The Court had said again and again \u2013 in 2010, 2014, 2015, 2020, 2021, and 2022 \u2013 that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tribunal members must get at least five years tenure<\/li>\n<li>Advocates with ten years practice must be eligible<\/li>\n<li>There must be no minimum age of fifty years<\/li>\n<li>House rent allowance must be generous<\/li>\n<li>The selection committee must be judiciary-dominated<\/li>\n<li>Only one name should be recommended for each post<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The 2021 Act brought back the very same provisions that had been struck down earlier \u2013 four-year tenure, fifty years minimum age, panel of two names, ordinary government-scale house rent allowance, and even added clauses saying \u201cnotwithstanding any judgment of any court\u201d. The petitioners said this was nothing but an attempt to overrule the Supreme Court by legislation, which is not allowed in our Constitution. The government replied that Parliament has full power to make laws on tribunals and the Court cannot dictate the content of the law.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"detailed-reasoning\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Detailed_Reasoning\"><\/span>Detailed Reasoning<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Court began with a beautiful quote from Dr B R Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly that every organ of the State \u2013 legislature, executive and judiciary \u2013 must respect its own limits and obey the Constitution and the decisions of the authority created to settle disputes between them, which is the Supreme Court. The Court said India does not have parliamentary sovereignty like England we have constitutional supremacy meaning no one, not even Parliament, is above the Constitution.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"tribunal-cases-history\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"History_of_Tribunal_Cases\"><\/span>History of Tribunal Cases<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Court then carefully examined the entire history of tribunal cases, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S P Sampath Kumar v Union of India (1987)<\/strong> \u2013 Tribunals allowed but must be equal to High Courts in independence.<\/li>\n<li><strong>R K Jain v Union of India (1993)<\/strong> \u2013 Tribunals must have judicial outlook.<\/li>\n<li><strong>L Chandra Kumar v Union of India (1997)<\/strong> \u2013 Judicial review is part of the basic structure.<\/li>\n<li><strong>R Gandhi (Madras Bar-I, 2010)<\/strong> \u2013 Five-year tenure, judicial dominance in selection.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Madras Bar-II (2014)<\/strong> \u2013 National Tax Tribunal Act struck down.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Madras Bar-III (2015)<\/strong> \u2013 Corrected defects in Companies Act tribunals.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rojer Mathew (2020)<\/strong> \u2013 Tribunal Rules 2017 struck down.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Madras Bar-IV (2021)<\/strong> \u2013 Tribunal Reforms Ordinance provisions struck down.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Madras Bar (2022)<\/strong> \u2013 Same restrictions struck down once again.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Court pointed out that despite all these clear judgments the government brought the Tribunals Reforms Act 2021 with almost identical provisions. The Court said this is not just non-compliance it is a direct attempt to legislatively overrule binding judicial decisions which is not permissible.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"constitutional-disobedience\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Constitutional_Disobedience_Observation\"><\/span>Constitutional Disobedience Observation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Court said when Parliament re-enacts a struck-down provision without curing the constitutional defects it shows a form of \u201cconstitutional disobedience\u201d.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"issues-analysis\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Issues_Analysed\"><\/span>Issues Analysed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Issue<\/th>\n<th>Court\u2019s Finding<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Minimum age of 50 years<\/td>\n<td>Arbitrary; violates equality \u2014 excludes experienced advocates<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Four-year tenure<\/td>\n<td>Creates insecurity and dependence on government<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Panel of two names<\/td>\n<td>Allows executive favouritism; affects independence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ordinary-scale HRA<\/td>\n<td>Financial insecurity compared to judges; improper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The Court rejected the Attorney General\u2019s plea to send the case to a larger bench saying all issues have already been settled by earlier larger benches and there is no new substantial question of law.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"decision\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Decision\"><\/span>Decision<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Supreme Court struck down the following provisions of the Tribunals Reforms Act 2021:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Minimum age requirement of fifty years<\/li>\n<li>Four-year tenure provision<\/li>\n<li>Requirement of sending a panel of two names instead of one<\/li>\n<li>Provisions tying HRA to ordinary government scales<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Court upheld only the transitional provision that allowed members appointed between 2017 and 2021 to get up to five years if their original appointment letter said so.<\/p>\n<p>The Court directed the government to immediately set up a National Tribunals Commission as an independent body to handle all tribunal appointments and administration. Till then a separate Tribunals Wing should be created in the Ministry of Law not Finance.<\/p>\n<p>The Court also restored all the directions given in the 2021 Madras Bar judgment:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Five-year tenure<\/li>\n<li>Eligibility of advocates with ten years practice<\/li>\n<li>High house rent allowance of \u20b91.5 lakh and \u20b91.25 lakh per month<\/li>\n<li>Judiciary-dominated selection committee<\/li>\n<li>Single name recommendation<\/li>\n<li>All appointments made under old rules protected<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"concluding-note\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Concluding_Note\"><\/span>Concluding Note<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This judgment is a landmark reaffirmation that in India the Constitution is supreme not Parliament and not even the Supreme Court. No organ of the State can behave as if it is above the Constitution. The repeated attempts by the government to bring back struck-down provisions have been firmly rebuffed. By striking down the age and tenure restrictions and ordering a National Tribunals Commission the Court has tried to finally settle a forty-year-old problem. Whether the government will now comply in letter and spirit or come back with new legislation remains to be seen but this judgment has sent the strongest possible message that judicial independence cannot be compromised.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"case-info\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_Information\"><\/span>Case Information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"6\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Case Title<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Madras Bar Association versus Union of India and Another<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Order Date<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>19 November 2025<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Case Number<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Writ Petition (C) No. 1018 of 2021 (with Writ Petition (C) No. 626 of 2021)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Neutral Citation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>2025 INSC 1330<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Name of Court<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Supreme Court of India<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Name of Hon&#8217;ble Judge<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Hon&#8217;ble Mr. Chief Justice B.R. Gavai and Shri K. Vinod Chandran<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"disclaimer\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Disclaimer\"><\/span>Disclaimer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The information shared here is intended to serve the public interest by offering insights and perspectives. However, readers are advised to exercise their own discretion when interpreting and applying this information. The content herein is subjective and may contain errors in perception, interpretation, and presentation.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"author\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Written_By\"><\/span>Written By<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman<\/b>, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introductory Note This is the latest chapter in the long-running legal battle between the Madras Bar Association and the Government of India over how tribunals should be set up and run in our country. Tribunals are special courts created by laws to decide specific kinds of disputes quickly \u2013 like tax cases, company matters, labour<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[775,24],"class_list":["post-12019","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-constitutional-law","tag-constitutional-law","tag-just-in"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.6.1 (Yoast SEO v27.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Constitutional Supremacy Over Parliamentary Persistence - 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