{"id":12173,"date":"2025-11-24T04:52:59","date_gmt":"2025-11-24T04:52:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=12173"},"modified":"2025-11-24T05:00:33","modified_gmt":"2025-11-24T05:00:33","slug":"legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/","title":{"rendered":"The Legal Methodology of Im\u0101m Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa: Principles, Sources, and Juristic Philosophy"},"content":{"rendered":"<ol>\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Background_and_Early_Development\"><\/span>Historical Background and Early Development<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Imam Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa al-Nu\u02bfm\u0101n ibn Th\u0101bit (80\u2013150 AH \/ 699\u2013767 CE) was born in Kufa during the late Umayyad period. He emerged as one of the greatest jurists in Islamic history and the eponymous founder of the Hanafi school, which remains the most widely followed school of thought among Muslims today.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Historical_Background_and_Early_Development\" >Historical Background and Early Development<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Primary_Sources_and_Methodological_Hierarchy\" >Primary Sources and Methodological Hierarchy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Approach_to_Revelation_Text_and_Underlying_Wisdom\" >Approach to Revelation: Text and Underlying Wisdom<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Qiyas_Systematic_Analogical_Reasoning\" >Qiy\u0101s: Systematic Analogical Reasoning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Istihsan_Juristic_Preference\" >Istihs\u0101n: Juristic Preference<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Notable_examples_include\" >Notable examples include:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#%CA%BFUrf_Custom_and_Ma%E1%B9%A3la%E1%B8%A5ah_Public_Interest\" >\u02bfUrf (Custom) and Ma\u1e63la\u1e25ah (Public Interest)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Major_Legal_Maxims_Rooted_in_Hanafi_Thought\" >Major Legal Maxims Rooted in Hanafi Thought<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Political_Independence_and_Judicial_Integrity\" >Political Independence and Judicial Integrity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Transmission_and_Global_Reach\" >Transmission and Global Reach<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Imam_Abu_Yusuf_d_182_AH\" >Imam Ab\u016b Y\u016bsuf (d. 182 AH)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Imam_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_al-%E1%B8%A4asan_al-Shaybani_d_189_AH\" >Imam Mu\u1e25ammad ibn al-\u1e24asan al-Shayb\u0101n\u012b (d. 189 AH)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Impact_on_Modern_Legal_Thought\" >Impact on Modern Legal Thought<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Impact_on_Modern_Secular_Legal_Thought\" >Impact on Modern Secular Legal Thought<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-methodology-of-imam-abu-hanifa-principles-sources-and-juristic-philosophy\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>Kufa was an intellectual and commercial crossroads where Arab, Persian, Roman-Byzantine, and pre-Islamic Arabian legal traditions interacted. This cosmopolitan environment profoundly shaped Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa\u2019s pragmatic and inclusive approach to fiqh, making his school especially adaptable to diverse societies.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Primary_Sources_and_Methodological_Hierarchy\"><\/span>Primary Sources and Methodological Hierarchy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The early Hanafi school follows a clear hierarchy of legal sources, systematised by Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa\u2019s leading students (especially Ab\u016b Y\u016bsuf and Mu\u1e25ammad ibn al-\u1e24asan al-Shayb\u0101n\u012b):<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The Qur\u02be\u0101n<\/li>\n<li>The Sunnah (with preference for mutaw\u0101tir and mashh\u016br reports; \u0101\u1e25\u0101d reports accepted only after rigorous scrutiny)<\/li>\n<li>Ijm\u0101\u02bf (consensus), especially of the Companions<\/li>\n<li>Statements of individual Companions (with preference given to the Rightly-Guided Caliphs)<\/li>\n<li>Qiy\u0101s (juristic analogy)<\/li>\n<li>Istihs\u0101n (juristic preference)<\/li>\n<li>\u02bfUrf (recognized custom)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>A lower source is never employed when a clear text exists in a higher one. Istihs\u0101n and \u02bfurf are best understood not as independent sources but as interpretive tools or exceptions applied within the framework of the higher sources.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Approach_to_Revelation_Text_and_Underlying_Wisdom\"><\/span>Approach to Revelation: Text and Underlying Wisdom<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Imam Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa adhered strictly to the Qur\u02be\u0101n and Sunnah while emphasizing the ratio legis (\u1e25ikmah) and objectives (maq\u0101\u1e63id) behind rulings. Key features include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>General wording (\u02bfum\u016bm al-balw\u0101) of the texts is upheld unless a clear specifier exists.<\/li>\n<li>Distinction between \u02bfib\u0101d\u0101t (acts of worship), which require strict compliance (tawq\u012bf\u012b), and mu\u02bf\u0101mal\u0101t (social transactions), which allow reasoned flexibility.<\/li>\n<li>Rigorous authentication of hadith: because Kufa was a centre for fabricated reports, he accepted only narrations transmitted by trustworthy chains that were consistent with the Qur\u02be\u0101n, established practice of the \u1e62a\u1e25\u0101bah, and sound reason (especially in matters of general application). He therefore set aside certain \u0101\u1e25\u0101d reports accepted by some other scholars (e.g., wiping over thick socks in wu\u1e0d\u016b\u02be without qualification, or the prohibition of every intoxicant regardless of quantity).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Qiyas_Systematic_Analogical_Reasoning\"><\/span>Qiy\u0101s: Systematic Analogical Reasoning<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa employed qiy\u0101s more extensively and methodically than most of his contemporaries. A valid analogy required an identifiable and textually supported \u02bfillah (effective cause). Classic example: the prohibition of wine is extended to all intoxicating substances\u2014not because they are made from grapes or dates, but because they cause intoxication. For Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa, qiy\u0101s was not mere analogy, but a systematized deductive legal tool grounded in textual reasoning and public rationale.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Istihsan_Juristic_Preference\"><\/span>Istihs\u0101n: Juristic Preference<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Istihs\u0101n is not arbitrary opinion but the preference of a ruling supported by stronger evidence or greater public benefit over one suggested by strict analogy. Recognized forms include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Istihs\u0101n via an explicit text (nass)<\/li>\n<li>Istihs\u0101n via consensus (ijm\u0101\u02bf)<\/li>\n<li>Istihs\u0101n via custom (\u02bfurf)<\/li>\n<li>Istihs\u0101n via necessity (\u1e0dar\u016brah) or prevention of hardship<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Notable_examples_include\"><\/span>Notable examples include:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Permitting salam (forward sale) and istisn\u0101\u02bf (manufacture contracts) despite apparent resemblance to the prohibited sale of non-existent goods.<\/li>\n<li>Allowing a woman whose husband has disappeared to seek judicial dissolution of marriage after a waiting period (instead of remaining in perpetual limbo).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%CA%BFUrf_Custom_and_Ma%E1%B9%A3la%E1%B8%A5ah_Public_Interest\"><\/span>\u02bfUrf (Custom) and Ma\u1e63la\u1e25ah (Public Interest)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa gave significant weight to prevailing custom provided it did not contradict a clear text. Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Acceptance of local units of weight and measure in commercial transactions<\/li>\n<li>Validation of pre-Islamic partnership forms (e.g., mud\u0101rabah) if free of rib\u0101 and gharar<\/li>\n<li>Recognition of regional agricultural practices in share-cropping (muz\u0101ra\u02bfah) contracts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This early incorporation of \u02bfurf and consideration of ma\u1e63la\u1e25ah mursalah made Hanafi law remarkably adaptable.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Legal_Maxims_Rooted_in_Hanafi_Thought\"><\/span>Major Legal Maxims Rooted in Hanafi Thought<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Many of the universal qaw\u0101\u02bfid fiqhiyyah later codified in the Ottoman Majalla (1876) trace their practical origins to Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa and his students:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Al-yaq\u012bn l\u0101 yaz\u016blu bi-l-shakk (Certainty is not overruled by doubt)<\/li>\n<li>Al-mashaqqah tajlibu l-tays\u012br (Hardship begets facility)<\/li>\n<li>Al-\u02bf\u0101dah mu\u1e25akkamah (Custom is authoritative)<\/li>\n<li>Al-a\u1e63l f\u012b l-ashy\u0101\u02be al-ib\u0101\u1e25ah (The default ruling is permissibility)<\/li>\n<li>Al-um\u016br bi-maq\u0101\u1e63idih\u0101 (Matters are determined by intentions)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These maxims eventually gained acceptance across all Sunni madhhabs.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Political_Independence_and_Judicial_Integrity\"><\/span>Political Independence and Judicial Integrity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Imam Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa repeatedly declined high judicial office, most famously refusing al-Man\u1e63\u016br\u2019s appointment as Chief Q\u0101\u1e0d\u012b of Baghdad. He was imprisoned and, according to the majority historical reports, died in custody in 150 AH after physical mistreatment\u2014earning him the status of martyr (shah\u012bd) in Sunni tradition. His stance reinforced the Hanafi emphasis on the independence of the judiciary from political pressure.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transmission_and_Global_Reach\"><\/span>Transmission and Global Reach<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The madhhab was systematised by his two foremost students:<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Imam_Abu_Yusuf_d_182_AH\"><\/span>Imam Ab\u016b Y\u016bsuf (d. 182 AH)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u2013 author of Kit\u0101b al-Khar\u0101j and first Chief Q\u0101\u1e0d\u012b of the Abbasid state<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Imam_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_al-%E1%B8%A4asan_al-Shaybani_d_189_AH\"><\/span>Imam Mu\u1e25ammad ibn al-\u1e24asan al-Shayb\u0101n\u012b (d. 189 AH)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u2013 author of al-A\u1e63l (al-Mabs\u016b\u1e6d) and other foundational texts<\/p>\n<p>Hanafi fiqh became the official legal system of the Abbasid, Ottoman, and Mughal empires, and continues to influence the legal systems of Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, and the Balkans.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_on_Modern_Legal_Thought\"><\/span>Impact on Modern Legal Thought<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Imam Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa\u2019s legal reasoning still influences modern Islamic law and legal reform. His use of custom (\u02bfurf), public interest (ma\u1e63la\u1e25ah), and analogy (qiy\u0101s) made his school flexible and suitable for diverse societies. Many modern laws in countries such as Turkey, Pakistan, India, Egypt, and the Balkans reflect Hanafi principles, especially in family law, inheritance, and contracts. His recognition of commercial needs helped form the basis of modern Islamic finance, including contracts like salam, istisn\u0101\u02bf, and partnership models. His insistence on judicial independence also inspires ethical legal standards in modern Muslim courts.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact_on_Modern_Secular_Legal_Thought\"><\/span>Impact on Modern Secular Legal Thought<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Imam Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa\u2019s influence extends beyond religious law into modern secular legal thinking. His emphasis on reasoning, public welfare, and legal consistency resembles modern legal theory found in civil and common law systems. His method of separating fixed religious acts from flexible social transactions is similar to today\u2019s distinction between constitutional principles and adaptable civil law. His recognition of custom, public interest, and practicality reflects ideas later seen in equity, legal realism, and contemporary policy-based jurisprudence. His stress on judicial independence and fairness also aligns with modern standards of rule of law, ethical judgment, and protection from political control.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"12\">\n<li>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Imam Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa combined unwavering commitment to revelation with reasoned flexibility, producing a legal tradition that is textually rooted yet remarkably adaptable across cultures and centuries. This balance explains why the Hanafi school has remained the most widely practiced madhhab for over twelve centuries. His methodology harmonized revelation with reason, preserving fidelity to scriptural sources while ensuring legal applicability across changing contexts and civilizations. Thus, Imam Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa\u2019s methodology stands as one of the earliest systematic legal philosophies in Islamic civilization\u2014bridging revelation, rationality, and social reality. May Allah have mercy on him, be pleased with him, and reward him abundantly.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Historical Background and Early Development Imam Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa al-Nu\u02bfm\u0101n ibn Th\u0101bit (80\u2013150 AH \/ 699\u2013767 CE) was born in Kufa during the late Umayyad period. He emerged as one of the greatest jurists in Islamic history and the eponymous founder of the Hanafi school, which remains the most widely followed school of thought among Muslims<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[775,28],"class_list":{"0":"post-12173","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-constitutional-law","7":"tag-constitutional-law","8":"tag-top-news"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12173","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/49"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12173"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12173\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12173"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}