{"id":14264,"date":"2026-01-11T06:49:56","date_gmt":"2026-01-11T06:49:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=14264"},"modified":"2026-09-18T05:15:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T05:15:40","slug":"who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Who Owns AI-Generated Creativity? An Analysis under Indian Copyright Law"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"what-is-copyright\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_Copyright\"><\/span>What Is Copyright?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is an exclusive right given to the creator\/author of the original work under the Indian <a href=\"\/copyright\/register.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Copyright<\/a> Act, 1957. It is an exclusive legal right to reproduce, to issue copies, to perform the work in public, and to make recordings and adaptations.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#What_Is_Copyright\" >What Is Copyright?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#Contemporary_Developments_in_Artificial_Intelligence\" >Contemporary Developments in Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#Classification_of_AI-Generated_Work\" >Classification of AI-Generated Work<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#Fully_Autonomous_AI-Generated_Works\" >Fully Autonomous AI-Generated Works<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#AI-Assisted_Works_Human_Control\" >AI-Assisted Works (Human Control)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#Provisions_Under_the_Indian_Copyright_Act_1957\" >Provisions Under the Indian Copyright Act, 1957<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#The_Registration_of_Raghav_AI_as_Co-Author\" >The Registration of Raghav AI as Co-Author<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#International_Scenario\" >International Scenario<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#United_States\" >United States<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#European_Union\" >European Union<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#China\" >China<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-creativity-an-analysis-under-indian-copyright-law\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Copyright is given to an author\/creator whose work is original and has at least a minimal degree of creativity\/skill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"contemporary-developments-in-artificial-intelligence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Contemporary_Developments_in_Artificial_Intelligence\"><\/span>Contemporary Developments in Artificial Intelligence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The recent breakthrough in the development of AI-generated content and its quality has taken the world by storm; not just textual responses, but the audio and visual outputs can make the individuals question the reality itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">LLM models like ChatGPT, Claude AI, Gemini, Gamma, and Perplexity are trained on copyrighted work and are capable of producing copyrightable work like artistic work, literary work, music, images, and videos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also Read: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalservicesindia.com\/ai-generated-fake-nude-images-minnesota-xai-deepfake-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AI-Generated Fake Nude Images: Minnesota vs. xAI and the Future of Deepfake Law<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As it is clear only humans can get the copyright protection, this raises a fundamental question: can copyright law extend protection to AI-generated creative content?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also Read: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalservicesindia.com\/ai-generated-fake-nude-images-minnesota-xai-deepfake-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AI-Generated Fake Nude Images: Minnesota vs. xAI and the Future of Deepfake Law<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"classification-of-ai-generated-work\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Classification_of_AI-Generated_Work\"><\/span>Classification of AI-Generated Work<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The copyrightable work generated by AI models can be classified into two subcategories, namely,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fully autonomous AI-generated works.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AI-assisted works (human control).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"fully-autonomous-ai-generated-works\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fully_Autonomous_AI-Generated_Works\"><\/span>Fully Autonomous AI-Generated Works<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fully autonomous AI-generated work refers to creative output like text, image, audio, etc. produced by an AI system without substantial artistic human input.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ex-1: The Road (2018) was an experimental novel composed by AI during a road trip across the US. It was created by technologist Ross Goodwin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"ai-assisted-works-human-control\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"AI-Assisted_Works_Human_Control\"><\/span>AI-Assisted Works (Human Control)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">AI-assisted work refers to creative output like text, image, audio, etc. produced by an AI system, where a human has significant creative input and control over the final work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ex-Zarya of the Dawn is an AI-illustrated comic where the story was original, but visuals were created using Midjourney (an AI image generator).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"provisions-under-indian-copyright-act-1957\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Provisions_Under_the_Indian_Copyright_Act_1957\"><\/span>Provisions Under the Indian Copyright Act, 1957<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 2(vi) of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, provides that \u201cin relation to any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work which is computer-generated, the person who causes the work to be created&#8221;. Whereas, this is debated, with some saying the statute does not expressly recognise non-human entities such as AI as authors, stressing that the law is human-centric and does not meaningfully address AI creation. While some argue that the current language can be interpreted broadly enough to cover AI-generated work if there is meaningful human involvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 13(1) of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, defines the subject matter of the copyright-protected work in India, where<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cinematograph films;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sound recordings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This perfectly fits within the type of work which the AI models like ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, and Midjourney generate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moreover, under section 17 of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, the general rule is laid down that the author of the work is the first owner of the copyright, with few exceptions being in relationships such as employment, commissioned works, and government works. But AI is not recognised as an author in section 2(d) of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957; hence, fully autonomous AI-generated work cannot be copyrighted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also Read: A<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/ai-generated-evidence-indian-courts-deepfake-bsa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I-Generated Evidence in Indian Courts: Can Deepfakes Prove Guilt?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"registration-of-raghav-ai-as-co-author\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Registration_of_Raghav_AI_as_Co-Author\"><\/span>The Registration of Raghav AI as Co-Author<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ankit Sahni, an artist and lawyer, commissioned the Raghav AI tool to generate Vincent van Gogh&#8217;s The Starry Night (style image). Raghav stands for Robust Artificially Intelligent Graphics and Art Visualiser; it is a trained model on various art styles, one of which is Vincent van Gogh&#8217;s The Starry Night. He inputted his original photograph (base image) and used the starry night style to generate the artwork called \u201csuryast\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Indian Copyright Office granted the copyright protection to Suryast, where Sahni and RAGHAV AI were co-authors. This marks Suryast, the first copyrighted work in India where an AI is registered as a co-author.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Soon after that, Sahni applied to the US copyright office, which was rejected, and his subsequent appeals were rejected as well. Seeing this, the Indian copyright office issued a withdrawal notice seeking details on RAGHAV&#8217;s legal status under Sections 2(d)(iii) and 2(d)(vi) of the Copyright Act, 1957, questioning AI as &#8220;author&#8221;. Sahni argued the office lacked authority to review its grant; no further action occurred, and it remains listed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"international-scenario\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"International_Scenario\"><\/span>International Scenario<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"united-states\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"United_States\"><\/span>United States<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the US Copyright Office (USCO) refused the copyright claim to the work &#8220;Suryast&#8221;. The Review Board of the USCO held that the work lacked the human authorship necessary to support a copyright claim. Also, because the work is a derivative work that does not contain enough original human authorship to support a registration. And held that it was a classic example of derivative authorship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Derivative authorship refers to authorship in a work that is created by adapting or building upon an existing work, rather than creating something entirely new.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">US courts have interpreted the statutory phrase \u201cworks of authorship\u201d in 17 U.S.C. \u00a7 102(a) to need a human author, stating that \u201chuman authorship is a bedrock requirement of copyright\u201d in Thaler v. Perlmutter 4 (D.D.C. Aug. 18, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also Read: A<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/ai-generated-evidence-indian-courts-deepfake-bsa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I-Generated Evidence in Indian Courts: Can Deepfakes Prove Guilt?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"european-union\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"European_Union\"><\/span>European Union<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under EU law, copyright protects original work of authorship, where the work should reflect the author&#8217;s own intellectual creation. The EU follows the Infopaq standard; it arises out of a decision of Infopaq International A\/S v Danske Dagblades Forening, where the court held that the work is protected if it is the author&#8217;s own intellectual creation, while the work generated by AI is not copyrightable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"china\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"China\"><\/span>China<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Copyright laws of China are more flexible than US or EU copyright law. China\u2019s recent judicial trends emphasise In Li v. Liu (Nov 2023), where the Beijing Internet Court recognised copyright in AI-generated content, where the plaintiff, Mr Li, got copyright protection to the image he generated using Stable Diffusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court held that the plaintiff designed the image by giving the prompts and by making creative decisions and shaping the compositions of the image, which reflected his own creativity and input to make that image copyrightable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Indian Copyright Act, 1957, requires distinct guidelines about the copyrightability of the AI-generated content, whereas the minimum creativity which is established in Eastern Book Company v. D.B. Modak (2008) similarly should be interpreted in the case of AI-generated copyrightable work, where it is often argued that a highly detailed, 1000-word prompt describing a scene \u2013 that prompt is arguably a &#8220;literary work&#8221; protected by copyright. The current provisions are ambiguous about whether to call it derivative work or adaptation of the prompt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For works created fully autonomously by AI, the statutory provisions make it clear that AI cannot be recognised as the copyright owner of a work created fully autonomously. Copyright protection is reserved for intellectual and creative contributions made by humans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where AI functions as a tool and not the creator, the provisions are ambiguous. In Ankit Sahni\u2019s case, India has administratively acknowledged AI co-authorship through the Copyright Office&#8217;s initial grant for Suryast but issued a notice questioning RAGHAV\u2019s status as an AI co-author rather than consistently affirming it. This highlights regulatory uncertainty about AI authorship under the Indian Act. Whereas the US Copyright Office called it \u201cDerivative Work\u201d. This disharmony in international copyright frameworks impacts stakeholder rights, as copyright operates across national boundaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/who-owns-ai-generated-content-copyright-challenges-in-the-age-of-generative-artificial-intelligence\/\">Who Owns AI-Generated Content? Copyright Challenges in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/can-ai-tools-steal-your-copyright-understanding-ai-creativity-and-the-law\/\">Can AI Tools Steal Your Copyright? Understanding AI, Creativity and the Law\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/artificial-intelligence-and-intellectual-property-rights-in-india-authorship-ownership-inventorship-and-the-emerging-legal-challenges\/\">Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Rights in India: Authorship, Ownership, Inventorship and the Emerging Legal Challenges<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/ai-generated-works-and-copyright-laws\/\">AI-Generated Works and Copyright Laws<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/ai-generated-evidence-deepfakes-indian-courts-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/\">AI-Generated Evidence and Deepfakes in Indian Courts: Legal Challenges, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 &amp; Future of Digital Evidence<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-copyright-protection-cross-border-enforcement-guide\/\">International Copyright Protection<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article examines the copyrightability of AI-generated creative works under the Indian Copyright Act, 1957. It analyses the distinction between fully autonomous and AI-assisted creations, the implications of human authorship and originality, and the significance of the Raghav AI (Ankit Sahni) case.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":953,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[3095,28],"class_list":["post-14264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-intellectual-property","tag-copyright-law","tag-top-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.6 (Yoast SEO v28.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Who Owns AI-Generated Creativity? 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