{"id":14522,"date":"2026-01-16T10:58:59","date_gmt":"2026-01-16T10:58:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=14522"},"modified":"2026-01-16T11:02:58","modified_gmt":"2026-01-16T11:02:58","slug":"adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/","title":{"rendered":"From Dockets to Dialogue: The Judiciary\u2019s Transformative Role in Advancing ADR under CPC"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>From Dockets to Dialogue: The Judiciary\u2019s Transformative Role in Advancing ADR under CPC<\/strong><\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#1_Introduction\" >1) Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#2_From_Adversarial_to_collaboration_Adr_under_the_civil_procedure_code\" >2) From Adversarial to collaboration: Adr under the civil procedure code<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#21_Section_89_Legislative_Framework_for_Alternative_Dispute_Resolution\" >2.1 Section 89: Legislative Framework for Alternative Dispute Resolution<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#22_Interpreting_Section_89_The_Judicial_Approach\" >2.2 Interpreting Section 89: The Judicial Approach<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#23_Settlement_and_Withdrawal_of_Suits_under_Order_XXIII_CPC_Doctrinal_and_Judicial_Dimensions\" >2.3 Settlement and Withdrawal of Suits under Order XXIII CPC: Doctrinal and Judicial Dimensions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#3_The_Architecture_Of_Procedural_Safeguards_for_Fair_Trial_Under_CPC\" >3) The Architecture Of Procedural Safeguards for Fair Trial Under CPC<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#31_Ensuring_the_Right_to_Be_Heard_A_Study_of_Order_V_and_Order_IX_of_CPC\" >3.1 Ensuring the Right to Be Heard: A Study of Order V and Order IX of CPC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#32_Ensuring_Procedural_Justice_Evidence_and_Cross-Examination_under_Order_XVIII_CPC_and_the_Evidence_Act\" >3.2 Ensuring Procedural Justice: Evidence and Cross-Examination under Order XVIII CPC and the Evidence Act<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#33_Ensuring_Impartiality_in_Adjudication_and_the_Role_of_the_Indian_Judiciary\" >3.3 Ensuring Impartiality in Adjudication and the Role of the Indian Judiciary<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#4_Principle_of_Finality_of_Judgement_A_Cornerstone_of_CPC\" >4) Principle of Finality of Judgement: A Cornerstone of CPC<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#41_Constructive_Res_Judicata_A_safeguard_against_abuse_of_power\" >4.1 Constructive Res Judicata: A safeguard against abuse of power<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#42_Doctrinal_Boundaries_of_Review_and_Appeals_A_CPC_Perspective\" >4.2 Doctrinal Boundaries of Review and Appeals: A CPC Perspective<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/adr-under-cpc-judiciary-role-section-89-order-xxiii\/#5_Conclusion\" >5) Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p><strong>Keywords: <\/strong><em>\u00a0<strong>Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), judicial settlement, Section 89 CPC, Order XXIII CPC, Procedural Fairness<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Introduction\"><\/span><strong>1) <\/strong><strong>Introduction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>The Code of Civil Procedure or CPC 1908 is the backbone of India\u2019s civil justice system. It performs a dual function \u2013 firstly, promoting Alternative dispute resolution to reduce the burden of the courts, and secondly, preserving procedural mechanisms to ensure fair justice within the court system. This article tries to critically examine Section 89 and Order XXIII of CPC, along with examining procedural steps to ensure fair trials as well as mechanisms to ensure finality of orders.<\/p>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_From_Adversarial_to_collaboration_Adr_under_the_civil_procedure_code\"><\/span><strong>2) <\/strong><strong>From Adversarial to collaboration: Adr under the civil procedure code<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>Currently, the courts are overburdened with the rise in new cases filed every year, whereas the disposal of cases is taking place at a very slow rate. The government took various steps in this regard. Still, the most effective among them was the introduction of section 89 of CPC, as it mandated the courts to settle conflicts through Alternative Dispute Resolution.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"21_Section_89_Legislative_Framework_for_Alternative_Dispute_Resolution\"><\/span><strong>2.1 <em>Section 89: Legislative Framework for Alternative Dispute Resolution<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The major objective lies in the facilitation of speedy and cost-effective dispute resolution, in consonance with constitutional and policy imperatives of reducing the escalating backlog of cases before the courts.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Outlined below are the principal modes of Alternative Dispute Resolution to which courts may refer parties for settlement \u2013<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Arbitration \u2013 It is a formal dispute resolution process in which a neutral third party, appointed by the parties on mutual agreement or by court intervention, delivers a binding award.<\/li>\n<li>Mediation \u2013 This involves a voluntary and confidential process wherein a neutral third party facilitates dialogue and negotiation between the disputants, intending to enable them to arrive at a mutually acceptable settlement.<\/li>\n<li>Conciliation \u2013 In this framework, a neutral 3<sup>rd<\/sup> party helps the disputing parties to reach an amicable and acceptable settlement without resorting to formal litigation. It may offer a non-binding settlement offer.<\/li>\n<li>Judicial Settlement \u2013 During this procedure, the judge facilitates negotiations between the parties and guides them towards a mutually amicable resolution, without issuing any formal judgment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"22_Interpreting_Section_89_The_Judicial_Approach\"><\/span><strong>2.2 <em>Interpreting Section 89: The Judicial Approach<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Supreme Court in the case of Afcons Infrastructure Ltd V. Cherian Varkey Construction Co. Ltd.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> stated that section 89 must be read with flexibility to promote ADR and avoid procedural Impediments, and the same was further substantiated in the case of Salem Advocate Bar Association V. Union of India,<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> where the court emphasised that the ADR mechanism must be actively pursued by judges.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"23_Settlement_and_Withdrawal_of_Suits_under_Order_XXIII_CPC_Doctrinal_and_Judicial_Dimensions\"><\/span><strong>2.3 <em>Settlement and Withdrawal of Suits under Order XXIII CPC: Doctrinal and Judicial Dimensions<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The major objective behind filing a suit is to seek a remedy from the court, but in cases where the plaintiff no longer wishes to pursue his case further, then for such circumstances, CPC provides Order XXIII, which deals with settlement and Withdrawal of Suits.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Rule 1 of Order XXIII gives the option to the plaintiff to withdraw a suit, with the possibility of instituting a fresh one, given a valid and reasonable cause is shown. Sub-rule (1) permits withdrawal at any stage without the court\u2019s leave, but in such cases, the plaintiff forfeits the right to refile. Conversely, under Sub-rule (2), a fresh suit may be instituted only with the court\u2019s permission, which is granted when the withdrawal is necessitated by formal defects or other justifiable grounds. This framework has a dual benefit; on one hand, it protects individuals from frivolous claims and on the other hand, it prevents plaintiffs from suffering undue prejudice due to procedural deficiencies.<\/p>\n<p>According to Order XXIII Rule 3 of CPC,<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> parties are allowed to enter into a compromise, and the court will have to incorporate that settlement into a decree holding agreed terms.<\/p>\n<p>The same interpretation was endorsed in the case of Banwari Lal v. Chando Devi,<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> This clarified the binding effect of decrees passed pursuant to a lawful compromise under Order XXIII Rule 3.<\/p>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_The_Architecture_Of_Procedural_Safeguards_for_Fair_Trial_Under_CPC\"><\/span><strong>3) The Architecture Of Procedural Safeguards for Fair Trial Under CPC <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>The CPC had several provisions that provide procedural safeguards for the parties and ensure fair and impartial adjudications, also ensuring the principle of fairness in litigation. Protecting rights to a free trial<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> also ensures the protection of an individual\u2019s fundamental rights. Furthermore, CPC also incorporates safeguards through Latin maxims such as \u2018<strong>Audi Altrem Partem<\/strong>\u2019 (the right to be heard) and <strong>\u2018Nemo Judex in Causa Sua\u2019<\/strong> (the rule against bias).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"31_Ensuring_the_Right_to_Be_Heard_A_Study_of_Order_V_and_Order_IX_of_CPC\"><\/span><strong>3.1 <em>Ensuring the Right to Be Heard: A Study of Order V and Order IX of CPC<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Order V of CPC<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> makes it mandatory to provide proper services of summons, ensuring the defendant is informed and can contest the suit. In the case of Sangram Singh v. Election Tribunal,<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> It was held by the Supreme Court that CPC always aims to ensure a fair hearing and prevent an ex parte decree in the absence of due service.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"32_Ensuring_Procedural_Justice_Evidence_and_Cross-Examination_under_Order_XVIII_CPC_and_the_Evidence_Act\"><\/span><strong>3.2 <em>Ensuring Procedural Justice: Evidence and Cross-Examination under Order XVIII CPC and the Evidence Act<\/em> <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Order XVIII governs the examination of witnesses and reinforces procedural fairness.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> Furthermore, it also governs the recording of evidence in civil proceedings, prescribing procedures for presenting testimony, the duties of judges, and the evidentiary rights of parties.<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>It was held in the case of K.L. Tripathi v. State Bank of India.<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"33_Ensuring_Impartiality_in_Adjudication_and_the_Role_of_the_Indian_Judiciary\"><\/span><strong>3.3<em> Ensuring Impartiality in Adjudication and the Role of the Indian Judiciary<\/em> <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Rule 7 order IX of CPC<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> addresses a situation where a defendant, absent in an earlier hearing that proceeded ex parte, later appears and shows a valid reason for the absence. In such circumstances, the court may allow the defendant to be heard and continue the suit as if he had been present from the very beginning. It prevents undue hardship to the party who missed a hearing for genuine reasons and reflects a principle of fairness in civil procedure. Furthermore, Rule 5 of Order XLVII provides for the option of reviewing a judgment, which enables correction in cases of procedural or substantive error.<\/p>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Principle_of_Finality_of_Judgement_A_Cornerstone_of_CPC\"><\/span><strong>4) Principle of Finality of Judgement: A Cornerstone of CPC <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>The finality of judgment brings an end to the judicial process by prohibiting further appeals, new proceedings, and disputing clear facts. It is popularly known as the Doctrine of Res Judicata in Indian parlance. This doctrine is based on three Roman Maxims: \u2018<strong>Nemo debet lis vaxari pro eaderm causa<\/strong>\u2019 (no man should be vexed twice for the same cause), Interest \u2018<strong>republicae ut sit finis litium<\/strong>\u2019 (it is in the interest of the state that there should be an end to the litigation), and \u2018<strong>Re judicata pro veritate occipitur<\/strong>\u2019 (a judicial decision must be accepted as correct).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"41_Constructive_Res_Judicata_A_safeguard_against_abuse_of_power\"><\/span><strong><em>4.1 Constructive Res Judicata: A safeguard against abuse of power<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This doctrine is an extension of the principle of Res Judicata. It applies to the matters that could have been raised in earlier proceedings but were not. It also prevents a party from bringing a second suit on the issues emerging from the same set of facts.<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> This doctrine was upheld in the case of Workmen v. Board of Trustees, Cochin Port Trust.<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> It also strengthens Judicial efficiency and ensures conclusive dispute resolution.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"42_Doctrinal_Boundaries_of_Review_and_Appeals_A_CPC_Perspective\"><\/span><strong><em>4.2 Doctrinal Boundaries of Review and Appeals: A CPC Perspective<\/em><\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Although the term \u2018<strong>Appeal<\/strong>\u2019<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> is not defined under CPC Section 96-100 of CPC lays down a structured system of appeal, allowing higher courts to rectify the errors.<\/p>\n<p>The outpouring appeals are, however, problematic because we encounter judicial delays as a result, and what we get to learn through the precedents of the Supreme Court is that an appellate tribunal can only be permitted in a case where there are substantial errors.<\/p>\n<p>Likewise, under Section 114, the reconsideration is allowed only when it is done under strict circumstances, thus eliminating the possibility of baseless reconsideration. Such a measured balance between judicial control and decision conclusiveness strengthens the level of trust in the fairness and consistency of judicial results by the populace.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, Section 114 does not permit the frivolous reconsideration since it permits review under marginally defined conditions. The issue of judicial supervision versus finality of judgments was what contributed towards the public confidence in the fairness and reliability of the judicial outcomes.<\/p>\n<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>5) <\/strong><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>The Civil Procedure Code of 1908 (CPC) manages to establish a balance between adhering to a rigorous procedure to conduct a full adjudication process and establishing a fast dispute resolution mechanism with the help of ADR tools. Although procedural protection promotes justice and fairness, Section 89 and Order XXIII promote settlement. The mechanisms of promoting the concept of finality and minimising unnecessary and redundant litigation include res judicata and the limited power of appeal.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, CPC is not only able to alleviate the significant burden on the court but also to uphold the fundamental principles of natural justice and fairness through its efficient settlement process. With India still developing its legal landscape, it will be necessary to improve the ADR opportunities in the CPC, as well as the maintenance of due process. A balanced method to simplify the justice dispensation process, ensure the stability of the law, and minimise delays to ensure that the CPC can execute its two-fold mandate efficiently.<\/p>\n<p><strong>References;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Yashika Kapoor, \u2018Alternative Dispute Resolution under Civil Litigation\u2019 iPleaders (Blog, 28 June 2020) https:\/\/blog.ipleaders.in\/alternative-dispute-resolution-under-civil-litigation\/, accessed 7 January 2026<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Rakesh Kumar Chaudhary, \u2018Arbitration and ADR mechanisms under the scope of Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908\u2019 (2023) 3 International Journal of Law, Justice and Jurisprudence 4 https:\/\/www.lawjournal.info\/article\/61\/3-1-5-862.pdf, accessed 7 January 2026.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Afcons Infrastructure Ltd. v. Cherian Varkey Construction Co. (P) Ltd., (2010) 8 SCC 24<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Salem Advocate Bar Assn. (2) v. Union of India, (2005) 6 SCC 344<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Aishwarya Agrawal, \u2018Withdrawal of Suit by Plaintiff under CPC\u2019 LawBhoomi (Blog, 2 October 2024) https:\/\/lawbhoomi.com\/withdrawal-of-suit-by-plaintiff-under-cpc\/, accessed 7 January 2026<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Rajesh Singh, \u2018Withdrawal and Adjustment of Suits: Order XXIII CPC\u2019 LawFoyer (Blog, 21 January 2025) https:\/\/lawfoyer.in\/withdrawal-and-adjustment-of-suits-order-xxiii-cpc\/, accessed 7 January 2026<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Banwari Lal v. Chando Devi, (1993) 1 SCC 581<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Fair Trials \u2014 The Right to a Fair Trial<\/p>\n<p>Fair Trials, \u2018The Right to a Fair Trial\u2019 Fair Trials (online) https:\/\/www.fairtrials.org\/the-right-to-a-fair-trial\/, accessed 7 January 2026.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> LawRato \u2014 CPC Order 5 (Issue and Service of Summons)<\/p>\n<p>LawRato, \u2018Order 5 CPC \u2013 Issue and Service of Summons\u2019 LawRato (Indian Kanoon: CPC) (online) https:\/\/lawrato.com\/indian-kanoon\/cpc\/order-5, accessed 7 January 2026.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Sangram Singh v. Election Tribunal, (1955) 1 SCC 323<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> WritingLaw \u2014 Order 18 Rule 4 CPC<\/p>\n<p>WritingLaw, \u2018Order 18, Rule 4 CPC\u2019 WritingLaw (online) https:\/\/www.writinglaw.com\/order-18-rule-4-cpc\/, accessed 7 January 2026. (writinglaw.com)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0DrishtiJudiciary \u2014 Order XVIII of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908<\/p>\n<p>DrishtiJudiciary, \u2018Order XVIII of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908\u2019 DrishtiJudiciary (online, 6 May 2025) https:\/\/www.drishtijudiciary.com\/to-the-point\/ttp-code-of-civil-procedure\/order-xviii-of-the-civil-procedure-code-1908, accessed 7 January 2026.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> K.L. Tripathi v. State Bank of India, (1984) 1 SCC 43<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> LiveLaw News Network, \u2018Order 9 Rule 7 CPC | Application for Setting Aside Ex-Parte Order Can Be Entertained Only If Filed Before Conclusion of Arguments: Himachal Pradesh HC\u2019 LiveLaw (online, 15 September 2022) https:\/\/www.livelaw.in\/news-updates\/hp-high-court-order-9-rule-7-cpc-ex-parte-order-setting-aside-application-209336, accessed 7 January 2026.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> LawWeb, \u2018Res Judicata vs Constructive Res Judicata: Key Differences\u2019 LawWeb (online, 14 June 2025) https:\/\/www.lawweb.in\/2025\/06\/res-judicata-vs-constructive-res.html, accessed 7 January 2026<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> Workmen v. Board of Trustees, Cochin Port Trust, (1978) 3 SCC 119<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> Rashmi Acharya, \u2018The Concept and Process of Appeal in the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)\u2019 Legal-Wires (Lex-O-Pedia) (online, 7 March 2025) https:\/\/legal-wires.com\/lex-o-pedia\/the-concept-and-process-of-appeal-in-the-code-of-civil-procedure-cpc\/, accessed 7 January 2026<\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From Dockets to Dialogue: The Judiciary\u2019s Transformative Role in Advancing ADR under CPC Keywords: \u00a0Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), judicial settlement, Section 89 CPC, Order XXIII CPC, Procedural Fairness 1) Introduction The Code of Civil Procedure or CPC 1908 is the backbone of India\u2019s civil justice system. It performs a dual function \u2013 firstly, promoting Alternative<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1032,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[330,28],"class_list":{"0":"post-14522","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-arbitration-law","7":"tag-arbitration","8":"tag-top-news"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14522","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1032"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14522"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14522\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14522"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14522"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14522"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}