{"id":15753,"date":"2026-02-16T10:12:52","date_gmt":"2026-02-16T10:12:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=15753"},"modified":"2026-02-16T10:20:46","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T10:20:46","slug":"why-hhmd-and-dfmd-are-not-enough-to-detect-improvised-explosive-devices-ieds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/why-hhmd-and-dfmd-are-not-enough-to-detect-improvised-explosive-devices-ieds\/","title":{"rendered":"Why HHMD and DFMD Are Not Enough to Detect Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) remain one of the most lethal and adaptable weapons used by insurgents, terrorists, and non-state armed groups across the world. From conflict zones in West Asia and Africa to insurgency-affected regions of South Asia, IEDs have evolved in form, concealment, and triggering mechanisms. Despite advancements in counter-IED (C-IED) strategies, detection remains a persistent challenge.<\/p>\n<p>Hand-Held Metal Detectors (HHMDs) and Door-Frame Metal Detectors (DFMDs) are among the most commonly deployed detection tools at checkpoints, public venues, and security installations. While they are valuable components of layered security, <strong>reliance on HHMDs and DFMDs alone is insufficient and increasingly ineffective<\/strong> against modern IED threats.<\/p>\n<p>This chapter critically examines the <strong>limitations of HHMDs and DFMDs<\/strong>, the <strong>changing nature of IED design<\/strong>, and the <strong>need for a multi-layered, intelligence-driven, and technology-integrated detection framework<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Understanding HHMD and DFMD<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>HHMDs and DFMDs function by detecting disturbances in electromagnetic fields caused by metallic objects. Their primary utility lies in identifying firearms, knives, and conventional metallic weapons.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Strengths include:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ease of deployment<\/li>\n<li>Low cost<\/li>\n<li>Minimal training requirements<\/li>\n<li>Quick screening capability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, these advantages mask deeper structural weaknesses when applied to IED detection.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Evolving Nature of IEDs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>IEDs are not standardized weapons. Their strength lies in <strong>adaptability<\/strong>, <strong>innovation<\/strong>, and <strong>context-specific design<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Declining Metal Content in IEDs<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Modern IEDs increasingly use:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Plastic casings<\/li>\n<li>Wooden containers<\/li>\n<li>Fertilizer-based explosives<\/li>\n<li>Low-metal detonators<\/li>\n<li>Carbon-based pressure plates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Such devices may contain <strong>little to no metal<\/strong>, rendering HHMDs and DFMDs ineffective.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Non-Person-Borne IEDs<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>HHMDs and DFMDs are designed primarily for <strong>screening individuals<\/strong>, but a significant proportion of IEDs are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Roadside IEDs<\/li>\n<li>Vehicle-borne IEDs (VBIEDs)<\/li>\n<li>Under-floor or buried IEDs<\/li>\n<li>Wall-mounted or concealed devices<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These threats lie <strong>outside the detection envelope<\/strong> of metal detectors.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Limitations of HHMD and DFMD in IED Detection<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Metal Detection \u2260 Explosive Detection<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>HHMDs and DFMDs detect <strong>metal<\/strong>, not <strong>explosives<\/strong>. An IED can be fully functional without significant metal content. Conversely, benign metal objects (keys, belts, mobile phones) cause frequent alarms, leading to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alarm fatigue<\/li>\n<li>Desensitization of security personnel<\/li>\n<li>Reduced operational vigilance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Inability to Detect Triggering Mechanisms<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>IEDs may be triggered by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chemical fuses<\/li>\n<li>Pressure plates<\/li>\n<li>Infrared beams<\/li>\n<li>Remote signals<\/li>\n<li>Timers made of plastic and silicon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many such mechanisms escape metal-based detection.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Limited Coverage Area<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>DFMDs are static and limited to specific choke points. HHMDs require close proximity and manual scanning, which:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Slows throughput<\/li>\n<li>Increases human error<\/li>\n<li>Exposes personnel to blast risk<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In high-footfall or conflict-prone areas, these constraints are operationally dangerous.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> No Subsurface or Stand-Off Capability<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>IEDs buried underground or concealed within structures cannot be detected by HHMDs or DFMDs. This is a critical shortcoming in counter-insurgency environments where:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Roadside ambushes are common<\/li>\n<li>Pressure-plate IEDs dominate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Tactical Adaptation by Adversaries<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Insurgent and terrorist groups continuously study security protocols. The predictable use of HHMDs and DFMDs allows adversaries to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Design low-metal or zero-metal IEDs<\/li>\n<li>Shift from person-borne to remote-detonated devices<\/li>\n<li>Exploit gaps in static security architecture<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This asymmetric adaptation renders single-technology solutions obsolete.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Psychological and Operational Risks<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> False Sense of Security<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The visible presence of metal detectors creates <strong>security theatre<\/strong>, reassuring civilians while masking vulnerabilities. This false confidence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces investment in advanced detection<\/li>\n<li>Encourages complacency<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Increased Risk to Security Personnel<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Manual scanning with HHMDs places personnel within lethal blast radius if an IED is triggered. Numerous incidents globally demonstrate that <strong>first responders and search teams are primary victims<\/strong> of IED attacks.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Case Studies and Field Experience<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Counter-IED experiences from regions affected by insurgency reveal that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Most successful IED interdictions result from <strong>intelligence leads<\/strong>, not metal detection<\/li>\n<li>HHMDs primarily intercept small arms, not explosives<\/li>\n<li>Sophisticated IEDs are often detected through <strong>behavioural analysis, technical surveillance, or accidental discovery<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Training doctrines used by organizations such as NATO emphasize layered detection rather than single-sensor reliance.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, research and operational inputs from DRDO highlight the limitations of metal-centric detection in low-metal explosive environments.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What an Effective IED Detection System Requires<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Multi-Sensor Technology Integration<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>IED detection must combine:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Explosive Trace Detectors (ETDs)<\/li>\n<li>Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)<\/li>\n<li>X-ray imaging systems<\/li>\n<li>Chemical vapour sensors<\/li>\n<li>Canine detection units<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Each tool compensates for the limitations of others. Despite the growing threat of IEDs, most districts and police commissionerates continue to operate without these essential detection and counter-IED systems.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Intelligence-Led Operations<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Human intelligence (HUMINT), signal intelligence (SIGINT), and community engagement are often decisive. Most IED plots are disrupted <strong>before deployment<\/strong>, not at checkpoints.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Behavioral Detection and Profiling<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Trained personnel observing:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nervous behavior<\/li>\n<li>Route reconnaissance<\/li>\n<li>Suspicious object placement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>often outperform technology alone.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Stand-Off Detection and Robotics<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Robotic platforms and unmanned systems allow:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Remote inspection<\/li>\n<li>Reduced human exposure<\/li>\n<li>Neutralization from safe distances<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Policy and Institutional Gaps<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Many security architectures prioritize <strong>visible deterrence<\/strong> over <strong>actual detection capability<\/strong>. Budgetary constraints and legacy procurement policies often favour HHMDs and DFMDs due to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower costs<\/li>\n<li>Ease of deployment<\/li>\n<li>Public reassurance value<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, this short-term logic undermines long-term security resilience.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>HHMDs and DFMDs are <strong>necessary but not sufficient<\/strong> tools in the fight against IEDs. Their utility lies in detecting conventional metallic threats, not in countering the adaptive, low-metal, and remotely triggered IEDs that dominate modern conflict environments.<\/p>\n<p>Over-reliance on these devices creates a dangerous illusion of security, exposes personnel to risk, and allows adversaries to exploit predictable detection patterns. Effective IED detection requires a <strong>holistic, layered, intelligence-driven approach<\/strong> that integrates technology, training, and community engagement.<\/p>\n<p>In an era where IEDs continue to evolve faster than static defenses, <strong>security systems must move beyond metal detection and toward comprehensive threat detection<\/strong>. Anything less risks repeating the same failures\u2014at a devastating human cost.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) remain one of the most lethal and adaptable weapons used by insurgents, terrorists, and non-state armed groups across the world. From conflict zones in West Asia and Africa to insurgency-affected regions of South Asia, IEDs have evolved in form, concealment, and triggering mechanisms. Despite advancements in counter-IED (C-IED) strategies, detection<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[3343,28],"class_list":["post-15753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-technology-laws","tag-technology-laws","tag-top-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.9 (Yoast SEO v28.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Why HHMD and DFMD Are Not Enough to Detect Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Modern IEDs evade metal detectors. 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Imran Wahab\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Md. Imran Wahab\"},\"description\":\"Md. Imran Wahab, a distinguished 2004-batch Indian Police Service officer, has dedicated over 32 years to public service, holding various senior managerial positions within the West Bengal Police force. His career has spanned diverse roles across different districts, including Kolkata Police, serving as DCP, 5th Battalion, Kolkata Armed Police and DCP (Port Division), for approximately 4 years. He served in Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, holding the positions of DCP (Special Branch) and DCP (Traffic) for over 4 years. He was posted in the districts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Nadia as Additional SP. At the sub-divisional level, he has worked as SDPOs of Gangarampur, Raghunathpur and Kalna sub-divisions of West Bengal. His tenure as Special IG and subsequently as IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal, for over 4 years, saw him deeply engaged in improving the prison and correctional system. He visited numerous correctional homes across West Bengal, interacting with inmates, both male and female, including children residing with their incarcerated mothers. His outreach extended to correctional homes in Assam, Bihar, and Tripura. This hands-on approach provided him with invaluable insights into the workings of prisons and the complexities of the prisoner psyche. Beyond his operational roles, Md. Imran Wahab possesses a strong academic background, holding B.Sc., M.A., L.L.B., and M.B.A. degrees. He has also completed Post Graduate Diplomas in Human Rights, Project Management, Corporate Management, Computer Application, Public Administration, Medical Law, Disaster Management, Fire Safety &amp; Hazards Management and Psychology. He has attended Indian government sponsored specialized training in police and management matters in SVPNPA, Hyderabad, IIM, Ahmedabad and Singapore. He is the author of the books 'Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters' and 'Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations' demonstrating his commitment to knowledge sharing within the law enforcement field. As an observer for the Election Commission of India, he has gained firsthand experience in conducting assembly elections and bye-elections in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Assam, Bihar, and Tripura (twice). This exposure has given him a deep understanding of election management and the Election Commission's operations. He has also served as Chairman and as a member of various recruitment boards for the selection of police personnel in Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. Md. Imran Wahab's interests extend beyond law enforcement to include law, politics, international affairs, prison management, and business management. He has authored over 1000 articles on these diverse topics, reflecting his intellectual curiosity and desire to contribute to public discourse. He is also a research scholar in law and has contributed articles to the Indian Police Journal, National Crime Record Bureau Journal, SVP National Police Academy Journal, and International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research etc. Currently, he serves as IGP, Provisioning, West Bengal.\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/author\\\/md-imranwahab\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Why HHMD and DFMD Are Not Enough to Detect Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) - Legal Service India - Articles","description":"Modern IEDs evade metal detectors. 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Learn why HHMD & DFMD fail and why layered, intelligence-driven counter-IED detection is essential.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/why-hhmd-and-dfmd-are-not-enough-to-detect-improvised-explosive-devices-ieds\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/why-hhmd-and-dfmd-are-not-enough-to-detect-improvised-explosive-devices-ieds\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/why-hhmd-and-dfmd-are-not-enough-to-detect-improvised-explosive-devices-ieds\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Technology laws > Why HHMD and DFMD Are Not Enough to Detect Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/","name":"Legal Service India - Law Articles","description":"Legal Service India - Law Article Directory is the oldest in India since 2000, with thousands of article written by lawyers, law Students and Scholars on all branches of law","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#organization","name":"Legal Service India","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/logo-circle-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/logo-circle-1.png","width":105,"height":95,"caption":"Legal Service India"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind","https:\/\/x.com\/legalserviceind","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@LegalServiceIndia-lsi"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/person\/23f17916b2032842e5ccd9cb51dfc156","name":"Md. Imran Wahab","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","caption":"Md. Imran Wahab"},"description":"Md. Imran Wahab, a distinguished 2004-batch Indian Police Service officer, has dedicated over 32 years to public service, holding various senior managerial positions within the West Bengal Police force. His career has spanned diverse roles across different districts, including Kolkata Police, serving as DCP, 5th Battalion, Kolkata Armed Police and DCP (Port Division), for approximately 4 years. He served in Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, holding the positions of DCP (Special Branch) and DCP (Traffic) for over 4 years. He was posted in the districts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Nadia as Additional SP. At the sub-divisional level, he has worked as SDPOs of Gangarampur, Raghunathpur and Kalna sub-divisions of West Bengal. His tenure as Special IG and subsequently as IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal, for over 4 years, saw him deeply engaged in improving the prison and correctional system. He visited numerous correctional homes across West Bengal, interacting with inmates, both male and female, including children residing with their incarcerated mothers. His outreach extended to correctional homes in Assam, Bihar, and Tripura. This hands-on approach provided him with invaluable insights into the workings of prisons and the complexities of the prisoner psyche. Beyond his operational roles, Md. Imran Wahab possesses a strong academic background, holding B.Sc., M.A., L.L.B., and M.B.A. degrees. He has also completed Post Graduate Diplomas in Human Rights, Project Management, Corporate Management, Computer Application, Public Administration, Medical Law, Disaster Management, Fire Safety &amp; Hazards Management and Psychology. He has attended Indian government sponsored specialized training in police and management matters in SVPNPA, Hyderabad, IIM, Ahmedabad and Singapore. He is the author of the books 'Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters' and 'Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations' demonstrating his commitment to knowledge sharing within the law enforcement field. As an observer for the Election Commission of India, he has gained firsthand experience in conducting assembly elections and bye-elections in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Assam, Bihar, and Tripura (twice). This exposure has given him a deep understanding of election management and the Election Commission's operations. He has also served as Chairman and as a member of various recruitment boards for the selection of police personnel in Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. Md. Imran Wahab's interests extend beyond law enforcement to include law, politics, international affairs, prison management, and business management. He has authored over 1000 articles on these diverse topics, reflecting his intellectual curiosity and desire to contribute to public discourse. He is also a research scholar in law and has contributed articles to the Indian Police Journal, National Crime Record Bureau Journal, SVP National Police Academy Journal, and International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research etc. Currently, he serves as IGP, Provisioning, West Bengal.","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/author\/md-imranwahab\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15753","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/49"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15753"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15753\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}