{"id":22032,"date":"2026-04-15T11:49:45","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T11:49:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=22032"},"modified":"2026-04-15T11:52:53","modified_gmt":"2026-04-15T11:52:53","slug":"insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/","title":{"rendered":"Insolvency with Foreign Elements: Whose Law Should Prevail?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"introduction\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Introduction\"><\/span>1. Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Globalisation has fundamentally transformed the structure of commerce, enabling corporations to operate seamlessly across multiple jurisdictions. Multinational enterprises now hold assets, conduct operations, and maintain creditor relationships in different countries simultaneously. While this expansion enhances economic growth, it also creates legal complexities, particularly in situations of insolvency.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#1_Introduction\" >1. Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#2_Meaning_And_Nature_Of_Cross-Border_Insolvency\" >2. Meaning And Nature Of Cross-Border Insolvency<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#3_The_Core_Legal_Problem_Conflict_Of_Laws\" >3. The Core Legal Problem: Conflict Of Laws<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#31_Key_Connecting_Factors\" >3.1. Key Connecting Factors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#32_Consequences_Of_Conflict\" >3.2. Consequences Of Conflict<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#4_Competing_Theories_Territoriality_Vs_Universalism\" >4. Competing Theories: Territoriality Vs Universalism<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#A_Territoriality_Principle\" >A. Territoriality Principle<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Detailed_Features\" >Detailed Features<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Advantages\" >Advantages<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Disadvantages\" >Disadvantages<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#B_Universalism_Principle\" >B. Universalism Principle<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Detailed_Features-2\" >Detailed Features<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Advantages-2\" >Advantages<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Disadvantages-2\" >Disadvantages<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#C_Modified_Universalism_Modern_Approach\" >C. Modified Universalism (Modern Approach)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#5_The_Uncitral_Model_Law_Framework\" >5. The Uncitral Model Law Framework<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Objectives\" >Objectives<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Key_Features\" >Key Features<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#6_Key_Principles_Governing_Cross-Border_Insolvency\" >6. Key Principles Governing Cross-Border Insolvency<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#1_Access\" >1. Access<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#2_Recognition\" >2. Recognition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#3_Centre_Of_Main_Interests_Comi\" >3. Centre Of Main Interests (Comi)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Characteristics_Of_Comi\" >Characteristics Of Comi:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Comi_Ensures\" >Comi Ensures:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#4_Relief_And_Assistance\" >4. Relief And Assistance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#5_Cooperation_And_Coordination\" >5. Cooperation And Coordination<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#7_Judicial_Approaches_and_Case_Examples\" >7. Judicial Approaches and Case Examples<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#A_Jet_Airways_India%E2%80%93Netherlands\" >A. Jet Airways (India\u2013Netherlands)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#B_Kingfisher_Airlines_Case\" >B. Kingfisher Airlines Case<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#C_Global_Trends\" >C. Global Trends<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#8_The_Indian_Position_and_Emerging_Developments\" >8. The Indian Position and Emerging Developments<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Existing_Legal_Framework\" >Existing Legal Framework<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Judicial_Innovation\" >Judicial Innovation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#Proposed_Adoption_of_Model_Law\" >Proposed Adoption of Model Law<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#9_Challenges_in_Determining_Applicable_Law\" >9. Challenges in Determining Applicable Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#10_The_Way_Forward_Harmonisation_and_Reform\" >10. The Way Forward: Harmonisation and Reform<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#A_Adoption_of_International_Frameworks\" >A. Adoption of International Frameworks<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#B_Judicial_Cooperation\" >B. Judicial Cooperation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#C_Institutional_Mechanisms\" >C. Institutional Mechanisms<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#D_Regional_Agreements\" >D. Regional Agreements<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#E_Technological_Integration\" >E. Technological Integration<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#11_Conclusion\" >11. Conclusion<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/insolvency-with-foreign-elements-whose-law-should-prevail\/#References\" >References:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p>Insolvency with foreign elements commonly referred to as cross-border insolvency raises intricate legal questions concerning jurisdiction, recognition, enforcement, and most importantly, the determination of applicable law. When a company becomes insolvent, creditors from different countries compete for limited assets, and each jurisdiction may assert its own legal authority over the proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The central issue whose law should prevail is not merely technical but deeply rooted in principles of sovereignty, fairness, and economic efficiency. The absence of a uniform global insolvency regime often leads to inconsistent outcomes, duplication of proceedings, and erosion of asset value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In modern legal discourse, the focus has shifted from rigid national approaches to cooperative international frameworks, particularly influenced by instruments like the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Model Law. This blog provides a detailed exploration of the competing theories, legal principles, and evolving frameworks governing cross-border insolvency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"meaning-nature-cross-border-insolvency\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Meaning_And_Nature_Of_Cross-Border_Insolvency\"><\/span>2. Meaning And Nature Of Cross-Border Insolvency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cross-border insolvency arises when an insolvent debtor has legal or economic connections with more than one jurisdiction. These connections may take various forms, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Assets located in multiple countries<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Creditors domiciled in different jurisdictions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Subsidiaries or branches operating internationally<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cross-border financing arrangements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike domestic insolvency, cross-border insolvency involves the interaction of multiple legal systems, each with distinct rules governing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Priority of claims<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Secured versus unsecured creditors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Insolvency procedures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Distribution mechanisms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The complexity is further aggravated by the absence of a centralized global authority. Instead, insolvency is governed by national laws, which may conflict with each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, a company incorporated in India may have:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Manufacturing units in Germany<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bank loans from UK creditors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intellectual property registered in the US<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In such a case, insolvency proceedings may be initiated in multiple jurisdictions simultaneously, creating legal fragmentation. This leads to inefficiencies such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Duplication of legal costs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Delay in asset realization<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inconsistent treatment of creditors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, cross-border insolvency is not merely a procedural issue but a substantive challenge involving coordination, cooperation, and legal harmonisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"core-legal-problem-conflict-of-laws\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_The_Core_Legal_Problem_Conflict_Of_Laws\"><\/span>3. The Core Legal Problem: Conflict Of Laws<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The doctrine of conflict of laws (private international law) plays a central role in cross-border insolvency. It seeks to determine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Which court has jurisdiction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Which law should be applied<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whether foreign judgments should be recognised<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In insolvency cases, conflict of laws becomes particularly complex because:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Multiple jurisdictions may claim authority simultaneously<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Each jurisdiction may apply its own insolvency law<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There may be conflicting priorities among creditors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-connecting-factors\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"31_Key_Connecting_Factors\"><\/span>3.1. Key Connecting Factors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Courts rely on several connecting factors to determine applicable law:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Place of incorporation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Location of assets (lex situs)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Residence of creditors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Place of business operations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>However, these factors often point to different jurisdictions, leading to overlapping claims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"consequences-of-conflict\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"32_Consequences_Of_Conflict\"><\/span>3.2. Consequences Of Conflict<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>Issue<\/th><th>Description<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>Parallel Proceedings<\/td><td>Multiple insolvency proceedings in different countries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Forum Shopping<\/td><td>Creditors choose jurisdictions favourable to their interests<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Inconsistent Judgments<\/td><td>Different courts may issue contradictory decisions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Asset Dissipation<\/td><td>Delay reduces the value of assets<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For instance, a secured creditor may prefer a jurisdiction that prioritises secured claims, while unsecured creditors may favour jurisdictions with equitable distribution systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, the conflict of laws problem lies at the heart of the question: whose law should prevail?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"competing-theories\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Competing_Theories_Territoriality_Vs_Universalism\"><\/span>4. Competing Theories: Territoriality Vs Universalism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"territoriality-principle\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Territoriality_Principle\"><\/span>A. Territoriality Principle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Under the territorial approach:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Each country exercises jurisdiction over assets within its territory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Insolvency proceedings are limited to domestic assets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"territoriality-features\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Detailed_Features\"><\/span>Detailed Features<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No automatic recognition of foreign proceedings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Independent proceedings in each jurisdiction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Local creditors often receive preferential treatment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"territoriality-advantages\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages\"><\/span>Advantages<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Protects national sovereignty<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Safeguards domestic economic interests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensures control over local assets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"territoriality-disadvantages\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Disadvantages\"><\/span>Disadvantages<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Leads to fragmentation of insolvency proceedings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduces efficiency in asset distribution<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Increases costs and delays<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Encourages creditor competition rather than cooperation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"universalism-principle\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Universalism_Principle\"><\/span>B. Universalism Principle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Universalism advocates:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A single global insolvency proceeding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Centralised control over all assets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"universalism-features\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Detailed_Features-2\"><\/span>Detailed Features<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Recognition of foreign proceedings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uniform distribution of assets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Equal treatment of creditors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"universalism-advantages\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages-2\"><\/span>Advantages<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Promotes efficiency and predictability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduces duplication of proceedings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximises value of the debtor\u2019s estate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"universalism-disadvantages\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Disadvantages-2\"><\/span>Disadvantages<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Difficult to implement due to differences in national laws<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Requires high level of international cooperation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May conflict with domestic public policy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"modified-universalism\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Modified_Universalism_Modern_Approach\"><\/span>C. Modified Universalism (Modern Approach)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern legal systems adopt modified universalism, which balances:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Centralised proceedings (main jurisdiction)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Limited territorial control (local jurisdictions)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This approach is reflected in the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, which allows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Recognition of foreign main proceedings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cooperation between courts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of local interests where necessary<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"uncitral-model-law-framework\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_The_Uncitral_Model_Law_Framework\"><\/span>5. The Uncitral Model Law Framework<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (1997) is a landmark international instrument designed to address cross-border insolvency challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"objectives\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Objectives\"><\/span>Objectives<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Facilitate cooperation between courts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promote legal certainty<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protect creditor interests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure fair and efficient administration<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-features\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Features\"><\/span>Key Features<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>Description<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Flexible Adoption<\/td><td>Countries can incorporate the Model Law into domestic legislation without compromising sovereignty.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Procedural Framework<\/td><td>It does not unify substantive insolvency laws but provides procedural mechanisms for cooperation.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Acceptance<\/td><td>Adopted by major jurisdictions such as United States, United Kingdom, and Australia, enhancing predictability in international insolvency cases.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-principles-cross-border-insolvency\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Key_Principles_Governing_Cross-Border_Insolvency\"><\/span>6. Key Principles Governing Cross-Border Insolvency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"access\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Access\"><\/span>1. Access<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Foreign insolvency representatives are granted direct access to domestic courts. This eliminates the need for diplomatic channels and promotes efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"recognition\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Recognition\"><\/span>2. Recognition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Courts recognise foreign proceedings as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Main proceedings (based on COMI)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Non-main proceedings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Recognition is crucial for granting relief and coordinating proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"comi\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Centre_Of_Main_Interests_Comi\"><\/span>3. Centre Of Main Interests (Comi)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of COMI determines the primary jurisdiction for insolvency proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"characteristics-of-comi\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Characteristics_Of_Comi\"><\/span>Characteristics Of Comi:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Place where the debtor conducts main business activities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Location visible to third parties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presumed to be the registered office (unless proven otherwise)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"comi-ensures\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comi_Ensures\"><\/span>Comi Ensures:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Predictability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consistency in jurisdiction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"relief-and-assistance\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Relief_And_Assistance\"><\/span>4. Relief And Assistance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Courts may grant interim and permanent relief, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stay of legal proceedings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of assets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Suspension of enforcement actions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cooperation-and-coordination\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Cooperation_And_Coordination\"><\/span>5. Cooperation And Coordination<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Courts and insolvency professionals are encouraged to cooperate through:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Information sharing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Joint hearings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coordination of proceedings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This principle is central to resolving conflicts between jurisdictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"judicial-approaches-case-examples\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Judicial_Approaches_and_Case_Examples\"><\/span>7. Judicial Approaches and Case Examples<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"jet-airways-india-netherlands\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Jet_Airways_India%E2%80%93Netherlands\"><\/span>A. Jet Airways (India\u2013Netherlands)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Parallel proceedings were initiated in India and the Netherlands<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Courts entered into a cross-border insolvency protocol<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Demonstrated practical application of cooperation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"kingfisher-airlines-case\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Kingfisher_Airlines_Case\"><\/span>B. Kingfisher Airlines Case<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Indian banks faced difficulty in recovering foreign assets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Highlighted the absence of a robust cross-border framework<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"global-trends\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Global_Trends\"><\/span>C. Global Trends<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Courts in jurisdictions such as the US and UK increasingly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Recognise foreign proceedings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promote judicial cooperation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Apply modified universalism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These developments indicate a shift toward harmonisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"indian-position-emerging-developments\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_The_Indian_Position_and_Emerging_Developments\"><\/span>8. The Indian Position and Emerging Developments<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"existing-legal-framework\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Existing_Legal_Framework\"><\/span>Existing Legal Framework<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>India\u2019s Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 provides limited provisions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Section<\/th><th>Provision<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Section 234<\/td><td>Agreements with foreign countries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 235<\/td><td>Letter of request<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>However, these provisions are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Inadequate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rarely implemented<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"judicial-innovation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judicial_Innovation\"><\/span>Judicial Innovation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Indian courts have adopted:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ad hoc cooperation mechanisms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Case-specific solutions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"proposed-adoption-model-law\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Proposed_Adoption_of_Model_Law\"><\/span>Proposed Adoption of Model Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>India is considering adoption of the UNCITRAL Model Law to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introduce COMI-based jurisdiction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Facilitate recognition of foreign proceedings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhance investor confidence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"challenges-determining-applicable-law\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Challenges_in_Determining_Applicable_Law\"><\/span>9. Challenges in Determining Applicable Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sovereignty Concerns<\/strong> Countries hesitate to allow foreign courts to control domestic assets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Legal Diversity<\/strong> Differences in insolvency laws create inconsistencies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Forum Shopping<\/strong> Creditors manipulate jurisdictional rules for advantage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Public Policy Exception<\/strong> Courts may refuse recognition if foreign law violates domestic principles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Practical Barriers<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Language differences<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Procedural delays<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lack of infrastructure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"way-forward-harmonisation-reform\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_The_Way_Forward_Harmonisation_and_Reform\"><\/span>10. The Way Forward: Harmonisation and Reform<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"adoption-international-frameworks\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Adoption_of_International_Frameworks\"><\/span>A. Adoption of International Frameworks<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Countries should adopt the UNCITRAL Model Law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"judicial-cooperation\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Judicial_Cooperation\"><\/span>B. Judicial Cooperation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Courts must actively collaborate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"institutional-mechanisms\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_Institutional_Mechanisms\"><\/span>C. Institutional Mechanisms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Creation of specialised insolvency courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"regional-agreements\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"D_Regional_Agreements\"><\/span>D. Regional Agreements<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Regional frameworks can enhance coordination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"technological-integration\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"E_Technological_Integration\"><\/span>E. Technological Integration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Digital platforms for cross-border case management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Conclusion\"><\/span>11. Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The question of whose law should prevail in cross-border insolvency cannot be answered through rigid legal doctrines alone. While territoriality emphasises sovereignty, universalism promotes efficiency. The modern approach modified universalism strikes a balance between these competing interests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The COMI principle provides a practical solution by identifying a central jurisdiction, while international frameworks like the UNCITRAL Model Law ensure cooperation among states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For countries like India, adopting a comprehensive cross-border insolvency regime is essential for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Protecting creditor interests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhancing economic stability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Integrating into the global financial system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ultimately, the future of cross-border insolvency lies not in choosing one legal system over another, but in fostering cooperation, coordination, and harmonisation across jurisdictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"references\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Arora, D. (2021). Cross border insolvency in India and the adoption of UNCITRAL model law. Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research, 2(2), 1\u201310.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Khurana &amp; Khurana. (2024). Cross-border insolvency and India\u2019s approach.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legal 500. (2025). Cross-border insolvency frameworks and reforms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mishra, K. N. (2025). India\u2019s expected adoption of UNCITRAL Model Law.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>UNCITRAL. (1997). Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SCC Online. (2024). Need for harmonisation in cross-border insolvency laws.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global Restructuring Review. (2025). Asia-Pacific restructuring developments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction Globalisation has fundamentally transformed the structure of commerce, enabling corporations to operate seamlessly across multiple jurisdictions. Multinational enterprises now hold assets, conduct operations, and maintain creditor relationships in different countries simultaneously. While this expansion enhances economic growth, it also creates legal complexities, particularly in situations of insolvency. Insolvency with foreign elements commonly referred<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":462,"featured_media":22017,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[80],"tags":[355,28],"class_list":{"0":"post-22032","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-international-law","8":"tag-international-law","9":"tag-top-news"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1000240038.png","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22032","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/462"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22032"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22032\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22135,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22032\/revisions\/22135"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22017"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22032"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22032"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22032"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}