<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nUnited Nations General Assembly Resolution No. A\/RES\/64\/292 dated 3rd August, 2010, states that the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation is a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Human Rights Council Resolution No. A\/HRC\/15\/L.14 dated 24.09.2010 affirms the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\nInternational Instrument<\/th> Key Provision<\/th> Importance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> UN General Assembly Resolution No. A\/RES\/64\/292<\/td> Recognizes safe drinking water and sanitation as a human right<\/td> Essential for full enjoyment of life and human rights<\/td><\/tr> Human Rights Council Resolution No. A\/HRC\/15\/L.14<\/td> Affirms sanitation and water rights<\/td> Strengthens international human rights obligations<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 \u2013 Article 25<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Article 25 \u2013 Article 25 of UDHR is enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution, and the same is held by the Supreme Court as \u201cArticle 25(2) of UDHR ensures the right to a standard of adequate living for the health and well-being of an individual, including housing and medical care, and the right to security in the event of sickness, disability, etc.” The right to life with human dignity encompasses within its fold some of the finer facets of human civilisation which make life worth living [viii].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, Article 12.2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realisation of this right shall include those necessary for: (b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Public Toilets for Women<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nVerse 3.56 of Manusmriti says, \u201cWhere women are given due respect, even Gods like to reside there.” But in the Shahdara district women are facing challenges for dignity, as no usable public toilet has been built by the authorities for women even though toilets are recognised as human rights [ix].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the Shahdara district, women are working in large numbers either in markets like Chotha Bazar or travelling outside for work or study, and due to the highly populated residential area, it requires a greater number of female public toilets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Due to this non-availability of public toilets, it is affecting the dignity and right to live a life of respect, equality and decency, free from any kind of fear, force, violence and discrimination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Rajasthan High Court on Women\u2019s Dignity and Public Toilets<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nThe same situation is adjudicated by the Rajasthan High Court in Re: Dignity, Respect & Honour of Girls and Women [x], which stated that due to the non-availability of public toilets or clean public toilets, women tend to defer going to the washroom until they find a clean toilet, sometimes even avoiding drinking too much water while stepping outside.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Medical science shows that urinary tract infections, problems of distended bladders, and a range of other urogynecological problems are a consequence of deferring urination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Considering the seriousness of the issue, the High Court issued a series of directions to the government for the security and safety of women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nNon-availability of public toilets impacts women\u2019s dignity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Lack of sanitation facilities affects women\u2019s health.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Women often avoid drinking water due to lack of clean toilets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Public safety and privacy concerns increase in the absence of proper facilities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Right to Safe and Clean Toilets for Women<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nWomen have the right to have safe and clean toilets at all convenient places, which in a way impacts their right to live with human dignity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
One of the paramount duties of the States\/UTs and the corporations is to improve public health by providing toilets for women at all convenient places [xi].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Delhi High Court on Washroom Facilities for Women<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nDelhi High Court in 2024 ’emphasised the importance of these facilities, stating that access to clean, functional and secure washroom facilities is a basic necessity, especially for women members of the Bar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It highlighted the need to protect the safety, privacy and health of female lawyers and urged all parties involved to treat this issue with the seriousness it deserves [xii].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The view taken by the high courts is widely accepted and correct; the same situation is faced by the women in the Shahdara district, and their safety, privacy and health are equally important.<\/p>\n\n\n\nIssue Faced by Women<\/th> Impact<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> Lack of usable public toilets<\/td> Violation of dignity and privacy<\/td><\/tr> Unsafe sanitation facilities<\/td> Risk to safety and security<\/td><\/tr> Avoiding toilet use<\/td> Health complications and infections<\/td><\/tr> Inadequate public infrastructure<\/td> Discrimination and inequality<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Public Toilets For Transgender Persons<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nWe are a country governed by the rule of law. Every person is entitled to equality before the law and equal protection of the laws [xiii]. Article 21 guarantees rights and dignity to all the persons irrespective of anything; still, the transgenders are facing challenges in availing the basic need of separate toilets in Shahdara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Access to public toilets is a serious problem they face quite often. Since there are no separate toilet facilities for transgender persons, they have to use male toilets where they are prone to sexual assault and harassment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation or gender identity, therefore, impairs equality before law and equal protection of law and violates Article 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The apex court, in the case of National Legal Services Authority v. Union of <\/strong>India [xiv], directed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\u201cCentre and state governments should take proper measures to provide medical care to TGs in the hospitals and also provide them separate public toilets and other facilities.”<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
The non-availability of separate public toilets for transgender people is a violation of fundamental rights outlined under Articles 14 & 21 and the non-compliance of the direction issued by the Supreme Court. It is also a violation of special law for the transgender community, i.e., the Transgender Persons Act, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Transgender Persons (Protection Of Rights) Rules, 2020<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nTransgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020, Rule 10 speaks about welfare measures, education, social security and health of transgender persons by appropriate government.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On the basis of Articles 14 & 21 and the Transgender Persons Act, it has become well settled that separate public toilets should be constructed for transgender people, as the purpose of the law is the evolution of a happy society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the fitting words of Justice Iyer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\u201cIt is a negation of justice to say that some members, some groups, some minorities, some individuals do not have welfare; on the other hand, they suffer from ill-fare.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
The non-availability of public toilets for women and transgender people is discrimination on the grounds of ‘sex’.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Constitutional Obligations Of The State<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nArticle 47 casts a paramount duty on the State to take all the necessary steps to improve public health as among its primary duties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
There is still a greater obligation upon the Centre and State in terms of Article 48-A of the Constitution, where it is required to protect and improve the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It is a duty of the state to improve public health, protect the environment and raise the standard of living, and to fulfil its obligation, the state should provide access to sanitation and clean toilets, especially for women and transgender people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In a welfare state, therefore, it is the obligation of the state to ensure the creation and the sustaining of conditions congenial to good health [xv].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Maintenance and improvement of public health have to rank high, as these are indispensable to the very physical existence of the community, and the betterment of these depends on the building of the society which the Constitution makers envisaged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Attending to public health, in our opinion, therefore, is of high priority \u2013 perhaps the one at the top [xvi].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Conclusion \/ Recommendation<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nAppropriate authorities should set up new public toilets and take appropriate measures to keep old toilets which are in unusable conditions in user-friendly condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Additionally, measures should be taken to make these basic necessities accessible to PwD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Accessibility For Persons With Disabilities<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nFor instance, there are no tactile pavements to assist visually impaired persons, leaving them unguided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Supreme court in All India Judges Association and ors. Vs. UOI<\/strong>[xvii] also give certain directions to give fundamental and vital features to be provided in the court complex, which include separate washrooms for men, women and transgender.<\/p>\n\n\n\nDue to its fundamental nature, these features also become necessary for people spending time outdoors, either for work or study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Need For Modern Bio-Toilets<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nSet up public toilets for all the genders across the Shahdara district, but with the modern bio-toilets as adopted by Indian railways across trains, the same or similar technology may be incorporated to install new environmentally friendly toilets across courts in the country as well to further the goal of sustainable development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Privacy, Safety And Dignity<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nPublic toilets for women and transgender people must be totally covered to protect their privacy and dignity. As of now, male washrooms are uncovered at several locations, which is unhygienic and also creates unpleasant situations for other passersby.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
All public toilets must be covered to ensure the safety and dignity of users.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Sanitation And Breastfeeding Facilities<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\nAdditionally, in light of the above discussion, adequate facilities for sanitary napkin dispensers should be made available in women’s toilets as a right to access to sanitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Appropriate authority should consider incorporating breastfeeding facilities to support nursing mothers, along with dedicated platforms for changing napkins within toilet areas, similar to the amenities available in airports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
These additions would provide essential support for mothers, ensuring comfort and convenience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Key Recommendations At A Glance<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nIssue<\/th> Recommendation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead> Separate Toilets For Transgender Persons<\/td> Construct dedicated public toilets for transgender persons across Shahdara district.<\/td><\/tr> Unusable Public Toilets<\/td> Repair and maintain old toilets in user-friendly condition.<\/td><\/tr> Accessibility For PwD<\/td> Provide tactile pavements and accessible infrastructure.<\/td><\/tr> Environmental Sustainability<\/td> Install modern bio-toilets using eco-friendly technology.<\/td><\/tr> Privacy And Safety<\/td> Ensure all toilets are properly covered and hygienic.<\/td><\/tr> Women’s Hygiene Facilities<\/td> Install sanitary napkin dispensers and changing platforms.<\/td><\/tr> Facilities For Nursing Mothers<\/td> Provide breastfeeding and childcare support areas.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/span>Constitutional And Legal Framework<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\nArticle 14 \u2013 Equality before law and equal protection of laws.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Article 21 \u2013 Right to life and dignity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Article 47 \u2013 Duty of the State to improve public health.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Article 48-A \u2013 Duty to protect and improve the environment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Transgender Persons Act, 2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Directions issued in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India [xiv].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nEnd Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\nRTI Reg No. PWDDEC\/R\/2025\/80244\/2, PWDDEC\/R\/2025\/80243\/2, PWDDEC\/R\/2025\/80242\/2, PWDDEC\/R\/2025\/80245\/6<\/li>\n\n\n\n State of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan Tale, 1983 INSC 74<\/li>\n\n\n\n In Re. Amarnath Shrine v. Union of India: SUO MOTU WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 284 OF 2012<\/li>\n\n\n\n Francis Coralie Mullin v. Administrator Union Territory of Delhi: 1981 INSC 11<\/li>\n\n\n\n Common Cause (A Registered Society) v. Union of India, 1999 INSC 299<\/li>\n\n\n\n Rajeeb Kalita Vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors.: 2025 INSC 75<\/li>\n\n\n\n State of M.P. v. Kedia Leather & Liquor Ltd., 2003 INSC 405<\/li>\n\n\n\n See, Supra 13<\/li>\n\n\n\n See, Supra 6<\/li>\n\n\n\n In Re: Dignity, Respect and Honour of Girls and Women: Order dated 03.12.2024 in C.W. No. 18518\/2024 (Suo Motu Writ Petition)<\/li>\n\n\n\n Milun Suryajani v. Pune Municipal Commissioner: PIL No. 98 of 2011<\/li>\n\n\n\n Smita Kumari Rajgarhia vs. Govt. Of NCT Of Delhi: Order dated 16.10.2024 in W.P.(C) No. 14517 of 2024<\/li>\n\n\n\n National Human Rights Commission v. State of Arunachal Pradesh, 1996 INSC 38<\/li>\n\n\n\n National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India: 2014 INSC 275<\/li>\n\n\n\n Vincent Panikurlangara vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors.: 1987 INSC 66<\/li>\n\n\n\n Akhil Bharatiya Soshit Karmachari Sangh v. Union of India: 1980 INSC 224<\/li>\n\n\n\n Para 12, MANU\/SC\/0827\/2018<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
In the present day, one of the districts of Delhi, which is within the radius of 15 km from New Delhi, Shahdara, still lacks the basic necessities like public toilets, especially for women and transgender people, and those that are present there are not in proper working condition due to lack of maintenance, no water<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1532,"featured_media":25045,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[775,28],"class_list":["post-25034","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-constitutional-law","tag-constitutional-law","tag-top-news"],"yoast_head":"\n
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