{"id":27932,"date":"2026-07-22T05:02:22","date_gmt":"2026-07-22T05:02:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=27932"},"modified":"2026-07-22T05:08:21","modified_gmt":"2026-07-22T05:08:21","slug":"renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/","title":{"rendered":"Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai (2022): Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 id=\"h-renaissance-hotel-holdings-inc-v-b-vijaya-sai-and-others-supreme-court-clarifies-trademark-infringement-under-sections-29-amp-30-of-the-trade-marks-act-1999\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Renaissance_Hotel_Holdings_Inc_v_B_Vijaya_Sai_and_Others_Supreme_Court_Clarifies_Trademark_Infringement_Under_Sections_29_30_of_the_Trade_Marks_Act_1999\"><\/span>Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai and Others: Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the world of intellectual property law, one of the most frequently misunderstood questions is this: if a person uses only a part of someone else&#8217;s registered trademark, combined with their own word or prefix, does that amount to an infringement? Many people assume that by adding a word before or after a famous trademark, they can escape legal liability. The Supreme Court of India emphatically put this misunderstanding to rest in its landmark judgement in <strong>Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai and Others<\/strong>, decided on 19th January, 2022. This judgement is a significant milestone in Indian trademark law because it clarifies, in considerable depth, the difference between an action for infringement of a registered trademark and an action for passing off, explains the correct scope of Sections 29 and 30 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, and establishes that when a defendant&#8217;s mark is identical or similar to a registered trademark and is used for identical or similar goods or services, the court is bound by law to presume that confusion exists, and no further evidence of confusion or deception need be produced by the plaintiff. The judgement also sends a strong message that religious sentiment or honest personal reasons behind the adoption of an infringing mark are not a legal defence to an action for trademark infringement under the Trade Marks Act, 1999.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Renaissance_Hotel_Holdings_Inc_v_B_Vijaya_Sai_and_Others_Supreme_Court_Clarifies_Trademark_Infringement_Under_Sections_29_30_of_the_Trade_Marks_Act_1999\" >Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai and Others: Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Article_Overview\" >Article Overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Factual_and_Procedural_Background\" >Factual and Procedural Background<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Discovery_of_the_Alleged_Infringement\" >Discovery of the Alleged Infringement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Institution_of_the_Suit\" >Institution of the Suit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Defence_Raised_by_the_Respondents\" >Defence Raised by the Respondents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Trial_Court_Findings\" >Trial Court Findings<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#High_Court_Reversal\" >High Court Reversal<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#The_Dispute_Before_the_Supreme_Court\" >The Dispute Before the Supreme Court<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Appellant-Plaintiffs_Contentions\" >Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s Contentions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Respondents-Defendants_Contentions\" >Respondents-Defendants&#8217; Contentions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Subsequent_Development_During_the_Hearing\" >Subsequent Development During the Hearing<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Reasoning_and_Analysis_of_the_Supreme_Court\" >Reasoning and Analysis of the Supreme Court<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#History_of_Trademark_Legislation_in_India\" >History of Trademark Legislation in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Courts_Analysis_of_Sections_28_29_30_and_31_of_the_Trade_Marks_Act_1999\" >Court&#8217;s Analysis of Sections 28, 29, 30 and 31 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Difference_Between_Sections_292_and_294\" >Difference Between Sections 29(2) and 29(4)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Fundamental_Error_Committed_by_the_High_Court\" >Fundamental Error Committed by the High Court<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Difference_Between_Passing_Off_and_Trademark_Infringement\" >Difference Between Passing Off and Trademark Infringement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Ruston_and_Hornsby_Principle\" >Ruston and Hornsby Principle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Additional_Independent_Grounds_for_Holding_Infringement_Established\" >Additional Independent Grounds for Holding Infringement Established<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Section_295_Use_of_Registered_Trademark_as_a_Trade_Name\" >Section 29(5): Use of Registered Trademark as a Trade Name<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Section_299_Phonetic_and_Visual_Similarity\" >Section 29(9): Phonetic and Visual Similarity<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Courts_Analysis_of_Section_301\" >Court&#8217;s Analysis of Section 30(1)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Principles_of_Statutory_Interpretation_Applied\" >Principles of Statutory Interpretation Applied<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Textual_and_Contextual_Interpretation\" >Textual and Contextual Interpretation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#A_Section_Must_Be_Read_as_a_Whole\" >A Section Must Be Read as a Whole<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Distinguishing_Earlier_Judgements\" >Distinguishing Earlier Judgements<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Midas_Hygiene_Case_Explained\" >Midas Hygiene Case Explained<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Final_Decision\" >Final Decision<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Points_of_Law_Settled\" >Points of Law Settled<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Case_Citation\" >Case Citation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-article-overview\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Article_Overview\"><\/span>Article Overview<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introduction to the dispute<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Factual and procedural background<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Issues before the Supreme Court<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arguments of both parties<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legal reasoning of the Court<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Final decision<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Important principles of trademark law settled<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-factual-and-procedural-background\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factual_and_Procedural_Background\"><\/span>Factual and Procedural Background<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc., the Appellant-Plaintiff, is a company incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America. The company is one of the world&#8217;s largest and most celebrated chains of hotels and has been using the trademark &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; for its hospitality business globally since the year 1981.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It began using the mark in India from 1990 onwards and runs hotels and convention centres in Mumbai and in Goa. The company spends approximately US$ 14 million every year on worldwide advertisements and promotional activities and owns the domain name www.renaissancehotels.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The mark &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; is used not only in relation to hotel and restaurant services but also on a wide variety of goods found within its hotels, such as bathrobes, slippers, shirts, hats, matchboxes, writing paper, and candies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Appellant-Plaintiff holds two trademark registrations in India:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Registration No.<\/th><th>Class<\/th><th>Goods \/ Services Covered<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>610567<\/td><td>16<\/td><td>Printed matter, periodicals, books, stationery, manuals, magazines, instructional and teaching materials, and office requisites.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1241271<\/td><td>42<\/td><td>Hotel, restaurant, catering, bar and cocktail lounge services; provision of facilities for meetings, conferences and exhibitions; and reservation services for hotel accommodations.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-discovery-of-the-alleged-infringement\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Discovery_of_the_Alleged_Infringement\"><\/span>Discovery of the Alleged Infringement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While conducting its routine brand monitoring activities, the Appellant-Plaintiff came across a website at <strong>www.sairenaissance.com<\/strong> and discovered that the Respondents-Defendants, B. Vijaya Sai and others, were operating two hotels under the name &#8220;<strong>SAI RENAISSANCE<\/strong>,&#8221; one at Kadugodi near Whitefield Railway Station in Bangalore, established in the year 2001, and another one at By-Pass Road, Puttaparthi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An investigation revealed that the Respondents-Defendants were not merely using a similar name but were also copying the Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s stylised representation of the trademark &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>,&#8221; along with its signage, business cards, and leaflets, in a manner designed to suggest an affiliation, association, or connection with the Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s internationally famous hotel chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Appellant-Plaintiff pointed out that it had earlier successfully brought a similar suit at Ernakulam in Kerala, being C.S. No. 5 of 2005, before the District Court, and that suit had been decreed in its favour on 31st January, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-institution-of-the-suit\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Institution_of_the_Suit\"><\/span>Institution of the Suit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Appellant-Plaintiff accordingly filed a suit bearing O.S. No. 3 of 2009 before the Principal District Judge, Bangalore Rural District, Bangalore, seeking a decree of permanent injunction restraining the Respondents-Defendants from using the mark &#8220;<strong>SAI RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; or any other mark identical with or deceptively similar to the registered trademark &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>,&#8221; from operating hotels or hospitality services under that name, from using the domain name <strong>www.sairenaissance.com<\/strong>, and for delivery of all goods, labels, and printed material bearing the infringing mark, along with a claim for damages of Rs. 3,50,000 for unauthorised use of the trademark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-defence-raised-by-the-respondents\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Defence_Raised_by_the_Respondents\"><\/span>Defence Raised by the Respondents<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The respondents-Defendants resisted the suit vigorously. Their written statement raised several defences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The suit was liable to be dismissed on account of delay, laches, and acquiescence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The first respondent-Defendant claimed to have been running his hotel for fifteen years before the suit was filed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The word &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; is a commonly used dictionary word meaning &#8220;rebirth&#8221; and cannot be the subject of any exclusive claim.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The first Respondent-Defendant, named &#8220;Vijaya Sai&#8221; by his parents who were ardent devotees of Sri Sai Baba, adopted the name &#8220;<strong>SAI RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; to signify the belief that Sri Puttaparthi Sai Baba was the reincarnation of Sri Shirdi Sai Baba, and therefore, the name was adopted for bona fide religious reasons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The class of customers served by the Respondents-Defendants was entirely different from those served by the Appellant-Plaintiff.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They served only vegetarian food and no alcoholic beverages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There was no possibility of consumer confusion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s registration in Class 42 was subject to rectification proceedings, and therefore exclusive rights could not be claimed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-trial-court-findings\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Trial_Court_Findings\"><\/span>Trial Court Findings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The trial court framed issues on registration, prior adoption and use, infringement, passing off, entitlement to damages, maintainability of the suit, and honest concurrent use by the respondents-Defendants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The trial court answered the issues on registration, prior adoption and use, and infringement in the affirmative, holding that the Respondents-Defendants had infringed the Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s registered trademark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the trial court found against the Appellant-Plaintiff on the questions of passing off, delivery of infringing materials, and award of damages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By its judgment and decree dated 21st June, 2012, the trial court partly decreed the suit by permanently restraining the Respondents-Defendants from using the mark &#8220;<strong>SAI RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; or any deceptively similar mark in relation to goods and services in Classes 16 and 42 and from operating hotels under any form of the &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; mark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-high-court-reversal\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"High_Court_Reversal\"><\/span>High Court Reversal<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The respondents-Defendants appealed to the High Court of Karnataka at Bengaluru in Regular First Appeal No. 1462 of 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Single Judge of the High Court, by judgement dated 12th April, 2019, allowed the appeal and set aside the trial court&#8217;s decree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The High Court arrived at this conclusion by holding that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Appellant-Plaintiff had failed to show that its trademark had earned a trans-border reputation in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Respondents-Defendants&#8217; hotel was not of the same class as the Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s five-star hotel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No evidence showed the Respondents-Defendants had taken unfair advantage of the trademark or caused detriment to its distinctive character.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The adoption of the name was honest and religiously motivated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The customer base of both parties was entirely different.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The earlier Kerala High Court judgement was distinguishable because no customer had actually been misled in the present case.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Being aggrieved by this reversal, the Appellant-Plaintiff approached the Supreme Court by way of a Special Leave Petition which was converted into <strong>Civil Appeal No. 404 of 2022<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-the-dispute-before-the-supreme-court\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Dispute_Before_the_Supreme_Court\"><\/span>The Dispute Before the Supreme Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The dispute before the Supreme Court was not simply about whether one hotel owner had copied another&#8217;s name. At its heart, the case raised a fundamental question about the correct legal framework for deciding a trademark infringement action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The High Court had applied what is known as the Section 29(4) test, which is designed for situations where an identical or similar mark is used for goods or services that are not similar to those for which the trademark is registered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under that test, the Appellant-Plaintiff would need to show that its trademark had a reputation in India and that the Respondents-Defendants&#8217; use was detrimental to its distinctive character or took unfair advantage of it without due cause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The High Court found this test not satisfied and accordingly dismissed the suit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-appellant-plaintiff-s-contentions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Appellant-Plaintiffs_Contentions\"><\/span>Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s Contentions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Appellant-Plaintiff argued before the Supreme Court that the High Court had applied the entirely wrong section of the law. He submitted that the correct provisions were Section 29(2)(c) read with Section 29(3) of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 because both the marks and the goods and services involved were identical or similar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under this test, the Court is required by law to presume confusion, and no further evidence of confusion is needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He further submitted that since the Respondents-Defendants were using the Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s registered trademark as a part of their trade name and business name, Section 29(5) was also independently applicable, and the High Court had completely ignored this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, he submitted that the High Court had applied the test of confusion applicable to a passing-off action rather than an infringement action, which are two fundamentally different causes of action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The mere addition of the prefix &#8220;<strong>SAI<\/strong>&#8221; before the registered mark &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; could not save the Respondents-Defendants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this proposition, he relied on the judgments of the Supreme Court in <em>Laxmikant V. Patel v. Chetanbhai Shah<\/em>, <em>Ruston and Hornsby Limited v. Zamindara Engineering Co.<\/em>, and <em>Kaviraj Pandit Durga Dutt Sharma v. Navaratna Pharmaceutical Laboratories<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-respondents-defendants-contentions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Respondents-Defendants_Contentions\"><\/span>Respondents-Defendants&#8217; Contentions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Respondents-Defendants defended the High Court&#8217;s judgment and argued that &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; is a generic English word, that the adoption was honest and religiously motivated, that the suit was barred by acquiescence and delay, and that the class of customers was entirely different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They relied upon the following Supreme Court judgements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Khoday Distilleries Limited v. Scotch Whisky Association<\/em>, (2008) 10 SCC 723<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Nandhini Deluxe v. Karnataka Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Limited<\/em>, (2018) 9 SCC 183<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Corn Products Refining Co. v. Shangrila Food Products Limited<\/em>, (1960) 1 SCR 968<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Neon Laboratories Limited v. Medical Technologies Limited<\/em>, (2016) 2 SCC 672<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-subsequent-development-during-the-hearing\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Subsequent_Development_During_the_Hearing\"><\/span>Subsequent Development During the Hearing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the hearing, Appellant-Plaintiff placed documents on record to show that the Respondents-Defendants had in the meantime discontinued using the term &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; from their hotel&#8217;s name and signage, which the Supreme Court treated as an acknowledgment by them that their use had indeed amounted to infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-reasoning-and-analysis-of-the-supreme-court\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reasoning_and_Analysis_of_the_Supreme_Court\"><\/span>Reasoning and Analysis of the Supreme Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-history-of-trademark-legislation-in-india\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"History_of_Trademark_Legislation_in_India\"><\/span>History of Trademark Legislation in India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court began its analysis by tracing the history of trademark legislation in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It noted that at the time of independence the governing law was the <strong>Trade Marks Act, 1940<\/strong>, Section 21 of which gave registered proprietors the exclusive right to use their mark in relation to the goods for which it was registered and declared that any use of an identical or deceptively similar mark in relation to those goods would amount to infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thereafter, recognising that the 1940 Act was inadequate for a rapidly developing economy, the Parliament enacted the <strong>Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 29 of the 1958 Act dealt with infringement and required that the defendant&#8217;s use be likely to deceive or cause confusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1999, with increasing globalization, the need for investment flows, and the requirement of simplification and harmonisation of trademark management systems, Parliament enacted the <strong>Trade Marks Act, 1999<\/strong>, which came into force on 15th September, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Importantly, one of the stated objects of the 1999 Act was specifically to prohibit the use of someone else&#8217;s trade mark as part of a corporate name or the name of a business concern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-court-s-analysis-of-sections-28-29-30-and-31-of-the-trade-marks-act-1999\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Courts_Analysis_of_Sections_28_29_30_and_31_of_the_Trade_Marks_Act_1999\"><\/span>Court&#8217;s Analysis of Sections 28, 29, 30 and 31 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court then set out in detail the provisions of Sections 28, 29, 30, and 31 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 and analysed each sub-section with care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court noted that Section 28(1) gives the registered proprietor of a trademark the exclusive right to use the mark in relation to the goods or services for which it is registered and the right to sue for infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 29 contains multiple sub-sections dealing with different scenarios of infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court explained that Section 29(2) deals with three different eventualities:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Provision<\/th><th>Situation Covered<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Section 29(2)(a)<\/td><td>Identical mark + similar goods\/services<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 29(2)(b)<\/td><td>Similar mark and identical or similar goods\/services<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 29(2)(c)<\/td><td>Identical mark + Identical goods\/services<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The critical importance of Section 29(3) is that in any case falling under clause (c) of Section 29(2), the Court shall presume that confusion is likely. This presumption is mandatory; it is not discretionary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Critically, the Court pointed out that Section 29(2) uses the word &#8220;<strong>or<\/strong>&#8221; between clauses (a), (b), and (c), meaning that satisfaction of any one of the three conditions is sufficient to establish infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-difference-between-sections-29-2-and-29-4\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difference_Between_Sections_292_and_294\"><\/span>Difference Between Sections 29(2) and 29(4)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Section 29(2)<\/th><th>Section 29(4)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Applicable where goods\/services are identical or similar.<\/td><td>Applicable where goods\/services are dissimilar.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Confusion may be presumed under Section 29(3).<\/td><td>Plaintiff must prove reputation in India.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>No need to prove unfair advantage.<\/td><td>Must prove unfair advantage or detriment.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Clauses joined by &#8220;or&#8221;.<\/td><td>Clauses joined by &#8220;and&#8221;.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 29(4), on the other hand, deals with a completely different situation, one where the defendant&#8217;s mark is identical or similar to the registered mark but is used in relation to goods or services that are not similar to those covered by the registration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only in such a case does the plaintiff need to additionally establish that the registered trademark has a reputation in India and that the defendant&#8217;s use takes unfair advantage of or is detrimental to the distinctive character or repute of the registered mark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Crucially, the Court pointed out that Section 29(4) uses the word &#8220;<strong>and<\/strong>&#8221; between its clauses (a), (b), and (c), meaning that all three conditions must be satisfied together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-fundamental-error-committed-by-the-high-court\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fundamental_Error_Committed_by_the_High_Court\"><\/span>Fundamental Error Committed by the High Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court identified the fundamental error of the High Court as having applied Section 29(4) to facts that were squarely covered by Section 29(2)(c) read with Section 29(3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both the trial court and the High Court had themselves concurrently found that the Respondents-Defendants&#8217; mark &#8220;<strong>SAI RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; was identical or similar to the Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s registered trademark &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; and that both parties were operating in relation to goods and services in Class 16 and Class 42.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Having made those findings, the High Court had no business going into the question of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Whether the Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s mark had a reputation in India.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whether the class of customers was different.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whether the Respondents-Defendants&#8217; adoption was honest.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These considerations are relevant only under Section 29(4), which applies to dissimilar goods or services. They are entirely irrelevant when the marks and goods or services are identical or similar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-difference-between-passing-off-and-trademark-infringement\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difference_Between_Passing_Off_and_Trademark_Infringement\"><\/span>Difference Between Passing Off and Trademark Infringement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court placed extensive reliance on the classic judgment in <em>Kaviraj Pandit Durga Dutt Sharma v. Navaratna Pharmaceutical Laboratories<\/em>, reported in (1965) 1 SCR 737, in which the Supreme Court had explained with great clarity the fundamental difference between an action for passing off and an action for infringement of a registered trademark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Passing Off<\/th><th>Trademark Infringement<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Common law remedy.<\/td><td>Statutory remedy.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Based on deceit.<\/td><td>Based on violation of statutory rights.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>The actual likelihood of confusion must be established.<\/td><td>Similarity of the registered mark itself is sufficient.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Overall get-up and presentation are relevant.<\/td><td>Overall get-up is immaterial once essential features are copied.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Different presentation may avoid liability.<\/td><td>Different presentation does not avoid infringement.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Passing off is a common law remedy that is essentially an action for deceit, where a person passes off his goods as the goods of another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To succeed in passing off, the plaintiff must show that the get-up, packaging, visual appearance, and overall presentation of the defendant&#8217;s goods are likely to cause confusion in the minds of ordinary consumers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The defendant in a passing off case can escape liability by showing that there are sufficient differences in the overall presentation to distinguish his goods from those of the plaintiff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An infringement action, by contrast, is a statutory remedy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The use by the defendant of the plaintiff&#8217;s registered trademark, or any colourably similar mark in relation to similar goods, is the very essence of the cause of action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the defendant has adopted the essential features of the plaintiff&#8217;s registered mark, the fact that the overall get-up or presentation is different, or that the prices are different, or that the class of customers is different, is entirely irrelevant and immaterial to the question of infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In an infringement action, once the court finds that there is sufficient similarity amounting to imitation, no further evidence is required to establish that the plaintiff&#8217;s statutory rights have been violated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-ruston-and-hornsby-principle\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ruston_and_Hornsby_Principle\"><\/span>Ruston and Hornsby Principle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court also relied upon <em>Ruston and Hornsby Limited v. Zamindara Engineering Co.<\/em>, reported in (1969) 2 SCC 727, where the Supreme Court had reiterated these principles and held that in an infringement action, even if the get-up of the defendant&#8217;s goods was so different that there would be no probability of actual deception of the public, an injunction would still be issued as soon as it was proved that the defendant was improperly using the plaintiff&#8217;s mark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No case of actual deception and no actual damage needed to be proved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-additional-independent-grounds-for-holding-infringement-established\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Additional_Independent_Grounds_for_Holding_Infringement_Established\"><\/span>Additional Independent Grounds for Holding Infringement Established<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Beyond Section 29(2)(c) read with Section 29(3), the Court found two additional independent grounds for holding infringement established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-section-29-5-use-of-registered-trademark-as-a-trade-name\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_295_Use_of_Registered_Trademark_as_a_Trade_Name\"><\/span>Section 29(5): Use of Registered Trademark as a Trade Name<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Firstly, under Section 29(5) of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, a registered trademark is infringed if a person uses it as a trade name or part of a trade name, or as the name of a business concern or part of the name of a business concern dealing in goods or services for which the trademark is registered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the present case, the Respondents-Defendants were using the word &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; as the name of their hotel, which was their trade name and business name, in relation to hotel and hospitality services covered by the Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s registrations in Classes 16 and 42. This squarely attracted Section 29(5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-section-29-9-phonetic-and-visual-similarity\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_299_Phonetic_and_Visual_Similarity\"><\/span>Section 29(9): Phonetic and Visual Similarity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Secondly, under Section 29(9) of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, where the distinctive elements of a registered trademark consist of or include words, the trademark may be infringed by the spoken use of those words as well as by their visual representation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The words &#8220;<strong>RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; and &#8220;<strong>SAI RENAISSANCE<\/strong>&#8221; are both phonetically and visually similar, and therefore infringement was established under Section 29(9) as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-court-s-analysis-of-section-30-1\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Courts_Analysis_of_Section_301\"><\/span>Court&#8217;s Analysis of Section 30(1)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court then addressed the High Court&#8217;s erroneous reliance on Section 30(1)(b) of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, which provides that a registered trademark is not infringed where a person uses it for the purpose of identifying goods or services as those of the proprietor, provided such use is not detrimental to the distinctive character or repute of the mark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The High Court had cited this provision to suggest that the Respondents-Defendants&#8217; use was not detrimental to the Appellant-Plaintiff&#8217;s mark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court found this to be a glaring error because Section 30(1) contains two conditions joined by the word &#8220;and&#8221;, not &#8220;or&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The benefit of Section 30(1) is available only if both conditions are fulfilled:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The use must be in accordance with honest practices in industrial or commercial matters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The use must not take unfair advantage of or be detrimental to the distinctive character or repute of the trademark.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The High Court had looked only at the second condition under Section 30(1)(b) and had completely ignored the first condition under Section 30(1)(a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court pointed out that to avail the benefit of Section 30(1), the Respondents-Defendants had to establish that their use was in accordance with honest practices in industrial or commercial matters. Merely claiming that the adoption was religiously motivated was not the same as establishing honest practices in industrial or commercial matters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-principles-of-statutory-interpretation-applied\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Principles_of_Statutory_Interpretation_Applied\"><\/span>Principles of Statutory Interpretation Applied<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court then invoked two fundamental principles of statutory interpretation to underline the errors of the High Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-textual-and-contextual-interpretation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Textual_and_Contextual_Interpretation\"><\/span>Textual and Contextual Interpretation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Relying on the well-known passage of Justice Chinnappa Reddy in <em>Reserve Bank of India v. Peerless General Finance and Investment Co. Ltd.<\/em>, reported in (1987) 1 SCC 424, the Court held that a statute must be read as a whole, with each section, clause, phrase, and word understood in the context of the overall legislative scheme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The High Court had picked up isolated clauses from Sections 29(4) and 30(1) without reading them in the context of the entire legislative framework, leading to an erroneous conclusion that effectively defeated the purpose for which the 1999 Act was enacted, namely to protect registered trademark owners and prohibit the use of their marks as part of trade names or business names.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-a-section-must-be-read-as-a-whole\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Section_Must_Be_Read_as_a_Whole\"><\/span>A Section Must Be Read as a Whole<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second principle is that a part of a section cannot be read in isolation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court cited the judgments in <em>Balasinor Nagrik Cooperative Bank Ltd. v. Babubhai Shankerlal Pandya<\/em>, reported in (1987) 1 SCC 606, and <em>Kalawatibai v. Soiryabai<\/em>, reported in (1991) 3 SCC 410, both of which hold that construction of a section must be made of all its parts together and no part of a statute can be omitted or construed in isolation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-distinguishing-earlier-judgements\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Distinguishing_Earlier_Judgements\"><\/span>Distinguishing Earlier Judgements<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court then dealt with the judgements relied upon by the respondents-Defendants and distinguished each of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Case<\/th><th>Why Distinguished<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><em>Khoday Distilleries Ltd.<\/em><\/td><td>Concerned rectification proceedings under the old law; Trade Marks Act, 1999 was not applicable.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Nandhini Deluxe<\/em><\/td><td>Marks and products were different, unlike the present case where both were similar.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><em>Neon Laboratories<\/em><\/td><td>Concerned about the temporary injunction and the &#8220;first in the market&#8221; principle.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-midas-hygiene-case-explained\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Midas_Hygiene_Case_Explained\"><\/span>Midas Hygiene Case Explained<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court also dealt with the High Court&#8217;s reliance on <em>Midas Hygiene Industries (P) Limited v. Sudhir Bhatia<\/em>, reported in (2004) 3 SCC 90.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The High Court had extracted the observation from that case to the effect that an injunction becomes necessary if it prima facie appears that the adoption of the mark was dishonest, and had reversed the injunction because it found the adoption by the Respondents-Defendants to be honest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court found that this observation had been taken entirely out of context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <em>Midas Hygiene<\/em> case was one involving passing off or infringement of copyright, not trademark infringement in the strict sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The key sentence the High Court had emphasised was only one part of the paragraph; the very same paragraph also contained the clear statement that in cases of infringement of a trade mark or copyright, normally an injunction must follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The High Court had cherry-picked one sentence while ignoring the equally significant sentence that came before it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-final-decision\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Final_Decision\"><\/span>Final Decision<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court allowed the appeal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By its order dated 19th January, 2022, the Court set aside the judgment and order dated 12th April, 2019 of the Single Judge of the High Court of Karnataka at Bengaluru in Regular First Appeal No. 1462 of 2012 and restored the judgment and decree dated 21st June, 2012 of the Principal District Judge, Bangalore Rural District, Bangalore in O.S. No. 3 of 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The permanent injunction in favour of the Appellant-Plaintiff against the Respondents-Defendants was thus revived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No order as to costs was made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-points-of-law-settled\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Points_of_Law_Settled\"><\/span>Points of Law Settled<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Where the defendant&#8217;s mark is identical or similar and the goods or services are identical or similar, Sections 29(2)(c) and 29(3) apply.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Under Section 29(3), the Court must presume confusion; no further evidence is required.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Section 29(4) applies only where the competing goods or services are dissimilar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using a registered trademark as part of a business name independently constitutes infringement under Section 29(5).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phonetic as well as visual similarity attracts liability under Section 29(9).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The protection available under Section 30(1) requires fulfilment of both statutory conditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adding a religious prefix to a registered trademark does not amount to honest commercial practice.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trademark infringement and passing off are distinct causes of action with different legal tests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In an infringement action, issues such as actual confusion, class of customers and overall presentation become immaterial once imitation of the essential features of the registered mark is established.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-case-citation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_Citation\"><\/span>Case Citation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>Case Title<\/th><td>Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai and Others<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Date of Order<\/th><td>19 January 2022<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Case Number<\/th><td>Civil Appeal No. 404 of 2022 (Arising out of SLP(C) No. 21428 of 2019)<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Neutral Citation<\/th><td>2022 SCC OnLine SC 61<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Court<\/th><td>Supreme Court of India<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Coram<\/th><td>Justice L. Nageswara Rao, Justice B.R. Gavai and Justice B.V. Nagarathna<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Author of Judgement<\/th><td>Justice B.R. Gavai<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Article Written By<\/th><td>Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor (Patent and Trademark Attorney), High Court of Delhi<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This landmark judgement authoritatively clarifies the distinction between trademark infringement and passing off under Indian law. The Supreme Court reaffirmed that where identical or deceptively similar marks are used in relation to identical or similar goods or services, the statutory presumption of confusion under Sections 29(2)(c) and 29(3) of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 applies, making proof of actual confusion unnecessary. The decision further strengthens the rights of registered trademark proprietors by confirming that the unauthorized use of a registered trademark as part of a trade name or business name constitutes an independent ground of infringement and that merely adding a prefix such as &#8220;SAI&#8221; does not avoid liability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/section-29-4-trademarks-act-identical-vs-dissimilar-goods-services\/\">Section 29 (4) of the Trademarks Act 1999 applies only to dissimilar goods and is not relevant to identical services<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/balancing-prior-use-and-honest-concurrent-adoption-in-trade-mark-rectification\/\">Balancing Prior Use and Honest Concurrent Adoption in Trade Mark Rectification<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-trademarks-act-1999-essential-provisions-and-comprehensive-overview\/\">The Trademarks Act, 1999: Essential Provisions and Comprehensive Overview<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/case-analysis-of-chandra-bhawan-boarding-and-lodging-v-s-state-of-mysore\/\">Case Analysis of Chandra Bhawan Boarding and Lodging v\/s State of Mysore<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/effect-based-impleadment-in-writ-proceedings-a-stranger-no-more-the-supreme-courts-doctrine\/\">Effect-Based Impleadment in Writ Proceedings: A Stranger No More \u2014 The Supreme Court&#8217;s Doctrine\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai and Others: Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 In the world of intellectual property law, one of the most frequently misunderstood questions is this: if a person uses only a part of someone else&#8217;s registered trademark, combined<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5873],"tags":[5969],"class_list":["post-27932","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-trademark-law","tag-trademark-laws"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.9 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai (2022): Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Supreme Court explains trademark infringement under Sections 29 &amp; 30, passing off, and use of registered trademarks in trade names.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai (2022): Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Supreme Court explains trademark infringement under Sections 29 &amp; 30, passing off, and use of registered trademarks in trade names.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Legal Service India - Articles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-07-22T05:02:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-07-22T05:08:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"ADVOCATE AJAY AMITABH SUMAN\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@legalserviceind\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@legalserviceind\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"ADVOCATE AJAY AMITABH SUMAN\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"19 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"ADVOCATE AJAY AMITABH SUMAN\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/96ae33c2330691e5b3ccd88cf127a305\"},\"headline\":\"Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai (2022): Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-22T05:02:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-07-22T05:08:21+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":4146,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Trademark Laws\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Trademark Laws\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\\\/\",\"name\":\"Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai (2022): Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act - Legal Service India - Articles\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-22T05:02:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-07-22T05:08:21+00:00\",\"description\":\"The Supreme Court explains trademark infringement under Sections 29 & 30, passing off, and use of registered trademarks in trade names.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Trademark Laws > Can Adding a Prefix to a Registered Trademark Avoid Infringement? Supreme Court's Landmark Renaissance Hotel Judgment Explained\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/\",\"name\":\"Legal Service India - Law Articles\",\"description\":\"Legal Service India - Law Article Directory is the oldest in India since 2000, with thousands of article written by lawyers, law Students and Scholars on all branches of law\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Legal Service India\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/logo-circle-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/logo-circle-1.png\",\"width\":105,\"height\":95,\"caption\":\"Legal Service India\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/legalservicesind\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/legalserviceind\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/@LegalServiceIndia-lsi\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/96ae33c2330691e5b3ccd88cf127a305\",\"name\":\"ADVOCATE AJAY AMITABH SUMAN\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"\\\/\\\/www.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b894b0814afe1239db393e20da4b2e76?s=96&#038;r=g&#038;d=mm\",\"url\":\"\\\/\\\/www.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b894b0814afe1239db393e20da4b2e76?s=96&#038;r=g&#038;d=mm\",\"contentUrl\":\"\\\/\\\/www.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/b894b0814afe1239db393e20da4b2e76?s=96&#038;r=g&#038;d=mm\",\"caption\":\"ADVOCATE AJAY AMITABH SUMAN\"},\"description\":\"Professional and Literary Profile Mr. Ajay Amitabh Suman, Advocate, is an alumnus of the Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi, with over 20 years of experience in IP litigation before the Delhi High Court. He currently serves as a Patent and Trademark Attorney at United &amp; United, a leading intellectual property law firm. Deeply committed to legal scholarship, he has authored more than 900 articles on intellectual property law, published on major platforms including Legal Service India, Bar &amp; Bench, Live Law, SCC Online Blog, Legal Desire, SpicyIP, among others. Beyond his legal practice, he is also an accomplished writer and poet, with over 1,500 literary works and more than 20 books published in Hindi and English. His journey reflects a unique blend of legal advocacy and creative expression, inspired by a passion for justice, knowledge, and reform.\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/author\\\/ajayamitabhsuman\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai (2022): Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act - Legal Service India - Articles","description":"The Supreme Court explains trademark infringement under Sections 29 & 30, passing off, and use of registered trademarks in trade names.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai (2022): Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act","og_description":"The Supreme Court explains trademark infringement under Sections 29 & 30, passing off, and use of registered trademarks in trade names.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/","og_site_name":"Legal Service India - Articles","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind","article_published_time":"2026-07-22T05:02:22+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-07-22T05:08:21+00:00","author":"ADVOCATE AJAY AMITABH SUMAN","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@legalserviceind","twitter_site":"@legalserviceind","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"ADVOCATE AJAY AMITABH SUMAN","Est. reading time":"19 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/"},"author":{"name":"ADVOCATE AJAY AMITABH SUMAN","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/person\/96ae33c2330691e5b3ccd88cf127a305"},"headline":"Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai (2022): Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act","datePublished":"2026-07-22T05:02:22+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-22T05:08:21+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/"},"wordCount":4146,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#organization"},"keywords":["Trademark Laws"],"articleSection":["Trademark Laws"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/","name":"Renaissance Hotel Holdings Inc. v. B. Vijaya Sai (2022): Supreme Court Clarifies Trademark Infringement Under Sections 29 &amp; 30 of the Trade Marks Act - Legal Service India - Articles","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-07-22T05:02:22+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-22T05:08:21+00:00","description":"The Supreme Court explains trademark infringement under Sections 29 & 30, passing off, and use of registered trademarks in trade names.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/renaissance-hotel-holdings-v-b-vijaya-sai-trademark-infringement-supreme-court-2022\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Trademark Laws > Can Adding a Prefix to a Registered Trademark Avoid Infringement? Supreme Court's Landmark Renaissance Hotel Judgment Explained"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/","name":"Legal Service India - Law Articles","description":"Legal Service India - Law Article Directory is the oldest in India since 2000, with thousands of article written by lawyers, law Students and Scholars on all branches of law","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#organization","name":"Legal Service India","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/logo-circle-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/logo-circle-1.png","width":105,"height":95,"caption":"Legal Service India"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind","https:\/\/x.com\/legalserviceind","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@LegalServiceIndia-lsi"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/person\/96ae33c2330691e5b3ccd88cf127a305","name":"ADVOCATE AJAY AMITABH SUMAN","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"\/\/www.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b894b0814afe1239db393e20da4b2e76?s=96&#038;r=g&#038;d=mm","url":"\/\/www.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b894b0814afe1239db393e20da4b2e76?s=96&#038;r=g&#038;d=mm","contentUrl":"\/\/www.gravatar.com\/avatar\/b894b0814afe1239db393e20da4b2e76?s=96&#038;r=g&#038;d=mm","caption":"ADVOCATE AJAY AMITABH SUMAN"},"description":"Professional and Literary Profile Mr. Ajay Amitabh Suman, Advocate, is an alumnus of the Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi, with over 20 years of experience in IP litigation before the Delhi High Court. He currently serves as a Patent and Trademark Attorney at United &amp; United, a leading intellectual property law firm. Deeply committed to legal scholarship, he has authored more than 900 articles on intellectual property law, published on major platforms including Legal Service India, Bar &amp; Bench, Live Law, SCC Online Blog, Legal Desire, SpicyIP, among others. Beyond his legal practice, he is also an accomplished writer and poet, with over 1,500 literary works and more than 20 books published in Hindi and English. His journey reflects a unique blend of legal advocacy and creative expression, inspired by a passion for justice, knowledge, and reform.","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/author\/ajayamitabhsuman\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27932","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/56"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27932"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27932\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28354,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27932\/revisions\/28354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27932"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27932"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27932"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}