{"id":28364,"date":"2026-07-22T06:50:23","date_gmt":"2026-07-22T06:50:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=28364"},"modified":"2026-07-22T06:58:44","modified_gmt":"2026-07-22T06:58:44","slug":"supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/","title":{"rendered":"Supreme Court Clarifies Section 68 Evidence Act: Registered Sale Deeds Need No Attesting Witness | R. Veronica (2026 INSC 703)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 id=\"h-r-veronica-reaffirmed-rattan-singh-reconciled-a-fortified-survey-of-the-attestation-jurisprudence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"R_Veronica_Reaffirmed_Rattan_Singh_Reconciled_A_Fortified_Survey_of_the_Attestation_Jurisprudence\"><\/span>R. Veronica Reaffirmed, Rattan Singh Reconciled: A Fortified Survey of the Attestation Jurisprudence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A registered sale deed is not a document \u201crequired by law to be attested,&#8221; and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, therefore does not mandate proof of such a deed by examining an attesting witness, even where marginal or attesting witnesses are in fact present on the document. The Supreme Court in <strong>R. Veronica &amp; Anr. v. Rudrayani Devaki (D) through LRs, S. Satha Kumar &amp; Ors., 2026 INSC 703<\/strong>, decided on 14 July 2026 by a bench of Justices J.B. Pardiwala and Manoj Misra, has authoritatively reaffirmed and clarified this position, correcting what it termed \u201cegregious errors\u201d in the Kerala High Court&#8217;s application of Section 68 in a regular second appeal arising from a decades-old dispute over land in Kerala.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#R_Veronica_Reaffirmed_Rattan_Singh_Reconciled_A_Fortified_Survey_of_the_Attestation_Jurisprudence\" >R. Veronica Reaffirmed, Rattan Singh Reconciled: A Fortified Survey of the Attestation Jurisprudence<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Statutory_Framework_Section_68_and_Related_Provisions\" >Statutory Framework: Section 68 and Related Provisions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Documents_Covered_by_Section_68\" >Documents Covered by Section 68<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#The_R_Veronica_Decision_Facts_and_Procedural_Background\" >The R. Veronica Decision: Facts and Procedural Background<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Why_Section_68_Does_Not_Apply_to_Registered_Sale_Deeds\" >Why Section 68 Does Not Apply to Registered Sale Deeds<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Section_68_Applies_Only_to_Mandatorily_Attested_Documents\" >Section 68 Applies Only to Mandatorily Attested Documents<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Sale_Deeds_Under_Section_54_TPA\" >Sale Deeds Under Section 54 TPA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Marginal_or_Attesting_Witnesses_Do_Not_Attract_Section_68\" >Marginal or Attesting Witnesses Do Not Attract Section 68<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Scope_of_the_Proviso_%E2%80%9CExecution_of_Any_Document_Not_Being_a_Will%E2%80%9D\" >Scope of the Proviso: &#8220;Execution of Any Document, Not Being a Will&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Documents_That_Do_Attract_Section_68\" >Documents That Do Attract Section 68<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Wills_%E2%80%94_Section_63_Indian_Succession_Act_1925\" >Wills \u2014 Section 63, Indian Succession Act, 1925<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Gift_Deeds_of_Immovable_Property_%E2%80%94_Section_123_TPA\" >Gift Deeds of Immovable Property \u2014 Section 123 TPA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Mortgage_Deeds_and_Settlement_Deeds\" >Mortgage Deeds and Settlement Deeds<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Precedent_Support_%E2%80%94_And_a_Genuine_Point_of_Tension\" >Precedent Support \u2014 And a Genuine Point of Tension<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Hans_Raji_Smt_v_Yosodanand_1996_7_SCC_122\" >Hans Raji (Smt.) v. Yosodanand, (1996) 7 SCC 122<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Bayanabai_Kaware_v_Rajendra_so_Baburao_Dhote_2018_1_SCC_585\" >Bayanabai Kaware v. Rajendra s\/o Baburao Dhote, (2018) 1 SCC 585<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#A_Conflicting_Note_Rattan_Singh_v_Nirmal_Gill_2021_15_SCC_300\" >A Conflicting Note: Rattan Singh v. Nirmal Gill, (2021) 15 SCC 300<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Section_100_CPC_The_Procedural_Spine_of_R_Veronica\" >Section 100 CPC: The Procedural Spine of R. Veronica<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#The_High_Courts_%E2%80%9CEgregious_Errors%E2%80%9D_and_Their_Correction\" >The High Court&#8217;s &#8220;Egregious Errors&#8221; and Their Correction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Practical_Implications_for_Trial_and_Appellate_Practice\" >Practical Implications for Trial and Appellate Practice<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Proof_of_Registered_Sale_Deeds\" >Proof of Registered Sale Deeds<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Pleadings_and_%E2%80%9CSpecific_Denial%E2%80%9D\" >Pleadings and &#8220;Specific Denial&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Wills_Remain_the_Strict_Category\" >Wills Remain the Strict Category<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Second_Appeals_Under_Section_100_CPC\" >Second Appeals Under Section 100 CPC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Citing_Section_68_Against_a_Sale_Deed\" >Citing Section 68 Against a Sale Deed<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Doctrinal_Significance\" >Doctrinal Significance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Citation_Table\" >Citation Table<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-clarifies-section-68-evidence-act-registered-sale-deeds-need-no-attesting-witness-r-veronica-2026-insc-703\/#Practitioner_Checklist\" >Practitioner Checklist<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This fortified survey situates <strong>R. Veronica<\/strong> within the fuller arc of the Court&#8217;s Section 68 jurisprudence\u2014extending backward to <strong>Hans Raji<\/strong> and <strong>Janki Narayan <\/strong>Bhoir and forward to a genuine point of friction with the Court&#8217;s own 2021 observations in <strong>Rattan Singh v. Nirmal Gill<\/strong> that practitioners must reckon with rather than assume away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-statutory-framework-section-68-and-related-provisions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statutory_Framework_Section_68_and_Related_Provisions\"><\/span>Statutory Framework: Section 68 and Related Provisions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, prescribes a special mode of proof for documents \u201crequired by law to be attested,&#8221; requiring that at least one attesting witness be called to prove execution, if alive, capable of giving evidence, and subject to the process of the court. The proviso relaxes this requirement for registered documents (other than wills), but only where execution is not \u201cspecifically denied.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court in <strong>R. Veronica<\/strong> held that the operative starting point is the opening phrase of Section 68\u2014&#8221;If a document is required by law to be attested\u201d\u2014which confines the section&#8217;s operation to documents where attestation is mandatory under substantive law, principally the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, and the Indian Succession Act, 1925. The proviso, being an exception within the main provision, cannot be read as a freestanding rule governing all registered documents; it operates only within the universe of documents already covered by the main provision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 54 TPA, governing sales of tangible immovable property, requires only that sales above \u20b9100 be effected by a registered instrument; it does not mandate attestation. By contrast, Section 59 TPA (mortgages of \u20b9100 or more, other than by deposit of title deeds), Section 123 TPA (gifts of immovable property), and Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 (wills) each explicitly require attestation by at least two witnesses, thereby attracting Section 68&#8217;s special rule of proof.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-documents-covered-by-section-68\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Documents_Covered_by_Section_68\"><\/span>Documents Covered by Section 68<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Document<\/th><th>Relevant Provision<\/th><th>Attestation Mandatory?<\/th><th>Does Section 68 apply?<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sale Deed<\/td><td>Section 54 TPA<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>No<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gift Deed<\/td><td>Section 123 TPA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mortgage Deed<\/td><td>Section 59 TPA<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Will<\/td><td>Section 63, Indian Succession Act<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Yes (Mandatory)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-the-r-veronica-decision-facts-and-procedural-background\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_R_Veronica_Decision_Facts_and_Procedural_Background\"><\/span>The R. Veronica Decision: Facts and Procedural Background<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The dispute arose from competing sale deeds over the same parcel of land in Kerala. The plaintiffs relied on a registered sale deed dated 1978 (with vendors Vanajakshi, Ashok Kumar, and Lalitha conveying the property to the plaintiff), while the defendants set up a later sale deed of 1996 executed by a co-owner, Rajeswari, over the same 6.5 cents, took possession, and began construction\u2014prompting a suit for declaration of title, recovery of possession, and cancellation of the 1996 deed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The trial court decreed the suit, accepting the 1978 deed as proved through the oral testimony of an attesting witness (PW-3). The First Appellate Court reversed the decree, disbelieving PW-3 and finding fault with the Commissioner&#8217;s identification of the suit properties. In the second appeal, the Kerala High Court restored the trial court&#8217;s decree, interpreting Section 68 and its proviso as applying to the registered sale deed and as dispensing with attesting-witness proof unless execution was \u201cspecifically denied\u201d in a manner going beyond a mere written-statement denial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court set aside the High Court&#8217;s judgment on two independent counts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Failure to frame substantial questions of law under Section 100 CPC before deciding the second appeal on merits.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A fundamental misapplication of Section 68 to a registered sale deed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Though the Section 100 CPC defect alone disposed of the appeal, the Bench deliberately addressed the Section 68 error to prevent it from misleading subordinate courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-why-section-68-does-not-apply-to-registered-sale-deeds\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Section_68_Does_Not_Apply_to_Registered_Sale_Deeds\"><\/span>Why Section 68 Does Not Apply to Registered Sale Deeds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-section-68-applies-only-to-mandatorily-attested-documents\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_68_Applies_Only_to_Mandatorily_Attested_Documents\"><\/span>Section 68 Applies Only to Mandatorily Attested Documents<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court emphasized that Section 68 prescribes a special mode of proof only for documents whose attestation is made compulsory by law, and that the proviso merely creates a further, conditional exception for such documents when registered\u2014it cannot operate independently of the main provision or extend Section 68 to documents that need not be attested at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-sale-deeds-under-section-54-tpa\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sale_Deeds_Under_Section_54_TPA\"><\/span>Sale Deeds Under Section 54 TPA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Registration is mandatory for sales of tangible immovable property exceeding \u20b9100, but Section 54 nowhere stipulates attestation as a condition of validity nor prescribes any number of witnesses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-marginal-or-attesting-witnesses-do-not-attract-section-68\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Marginal_or_Attesting_Witnesses_Do_Not_Attract_Section_68\"><\/span>Marginal or Attesting Witnesses Do Not Attract Section 68<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even where a registered sale deed carries signatures of marginal or attesting witnesses, this is a matter of practice or convenience, not statutory compulsion, and does not convert the document into one \u201crequired by law to be attested.&#8221; Execution can be proved in the ordinary way\u2014through the executant, the scribe, or other witnesses and by relying on registration and surrounding circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u201cA sale deed being not required by law to be attested, the provisions of Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act on the face of it are not applicable.\u201d <\/strong>\u2014 <em>R. Veronica &amp; Anr. v. Rudrayani Devaki, 2026 INSC 703, para 38<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-scope-of-the-proviso-execution-of-any-document-not-being-a-will\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scope_of_the_Proviso_%E2%80%9CExecution_of_Any_Document_Not_Being_a_Will%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Scope of the Proviso: &#8220;Execution of Any Document, Not Being a Will&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A central error in the Kerala High Court&#8217;s reasoning lay in treating the phrase \u201cexecution of any document, not being a will&#8221; in the proviso as embracing all registered documents, including sale deeds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court held this violated the cardinal rule that a proviso cannot enlarge the scope of the main provision; it can only qualify or carve an exception out of matters already within the substantive section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On this reading, \u201cexecution of any document, not being a will&#8221; refers only to documents that already fall within Section 68 \u2014 gift deeds, mortgages, settlements, and similar instruments where attestation is statutorily prescribed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-documents-that-do-attract-section-68\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Documents_That_Do_Attract_Section_68\"><\/span>Documents That Do Attract Section 68<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-wills-section-63-indian-succession-act-1925\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Wills_%E2%80%94_Section_63_Indian_Succession_Act_1925\"><\/span>Wills \u2014 Section 63, Indian Succession Act, 1925<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wills must be attested by at least two witnesses, and Section 68 requires that at least one attesting witness be examined to prove execution, regardless of whether execution is denied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This was affirmed in <strong>Janki Narayan Bhoir v. Narayan Namdeo Kadam, (2003) 2 SCC 91<\/strong>, where the Supreme Court held that where a will requires attestation by two witnesses, it is not enough to examine one; the propounder must show that the attempt to examine the other attesting witness (if available) was made and that due execution could not otherwise be established without satisfying the mandate of Section 63 ISA read with Section 68 of the Evidence Act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-gift-deeds-of-immovable-property-section-123-tpa\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gift_Deeds_of_Immovable_Property_%E2%80%94_Section_123_TPA\"><\/span>Gift Deeds of Immovable Property \u2014 Section 123 TPA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A gift of immovable property must be effected by a registered instrument signed by the donor and attested by at least two witnesses, bringing gift deeds squarely within Section 68.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-mortgage-deeds-and-settlement-deeds\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mortgage_Deeds_and_Settlement_Deeds\"><\/span>Mortgage Deeds and Settlement Deeds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where a mortgage (other than by deposit of title deeds) secures \u20b9100 or more, Section 59 TPA requires attestation by at least two witnesses, bringing such mortgages within Section 68 in the same manner as gifts. Settlement deeds attract the section only where the underlying statute independently requires attestation for validity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By contrast, sale, lease, and exchange deeds under the TPA carry no statutory attestation requirement and remain outside Section 68 and its proviso altogether.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-precedent-support-and-a-genuine-point-of-tension\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Precedent_Support_%E2%80%94_And_a_Genuine_Point_of_Tension\"><\/span>Precedent Support \u2014 And a Genuine Point of Tension<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-hans-raji-smt-v-yosodanand-1996-7-scc-122\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hans_Raji_Smt_v_Yosodanand_1996_7_SCC_122\"><\/span>Hans Raji (Smt.) v. Yosodanand, (1996) 7 SCC 122<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court held that the proviso to Section 68 did not apply to the sale deed in question because sale deeds are not documents required by law to be attested and therefore fall outside Section 68 altogether. The mere presence of witnesses on a sale deed does not convert it into a statutorily attested document.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-bayanabai-kaware-v-rajendra-s-o-baburao-dhote-2018-1-scc-585\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bayanabai_Kaware_v_Rajendra_so_Baburao_Dhote_2018_1_SCC_585\"><\/span>Bayanabai Kaware v. Rajendra s\/o Baburao Dhote, (2018) 1 SCC 585<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court affirmed that Section 68 governs only documents whose attestation is compulsory in law, and that sale deeds under Section 54 TPA fall outside that category because, unlike gift deeds under Section 123 TPA, a sale deed needs no attesting witness at the time of its execution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-a-conflicting-note-rattan-singh-v-nirmal-gill-2021-15-scc-300\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Conflicting_Note_Rattan_Singh_v_Nirmal_Gill_2021_15_SCC_300\"><\/span>A Conflicting Note: Rattan Singh v. Nirmal Gill, (2021) 15 SCC 300<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Practitioners should be aware that in <strong>Rattan Singh v. Nirmal Gill<\/strong>, (2021) 15 SCC 300 at 327 (para. 55), the Supreme Court, while examining the validity of a sale deed on its own facts, observed in passing that \u201csince the sale deed requires attestation by two witnesses \u2026 the same has to be proved as per procedure laid down under Section 68 of the [Evidence Act].&#8221; \u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This observation, on its face, sits in tension with <strong>Hans Raji<\/strong>, <strong>Bayanabai Kaware<\/strong>, and now <strong>R. Veronica<\/strong>. It does not appear that <strong>R. Veronica<\/strong> was addressed to, or expressly overruled, <strong>Rattan Singh<\/strong>; the latter is not mentioned in the <strong>R. Veronica<\/strong> judgment as reported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is a genuine ambiguity rather than one resolved by assumption: the weight of authority\u2014both in volume and in the closeness of doctrinal reasoning\u2014lies with <strong>Hans Raji<\/strong>, <strong>Bayanabai Kaware,<\/strong> and <strong>R. Veronica<\/strong>, each of which engages directly with the text of Sections 54, 59, and 123 TPA and Section 63 ISA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Rattan Singh&#8217;s<\/strong> observation appears, on a fair reading, to be a case-specific remark rather than a considered departure from the settled line, but practitioners citing Section 68 against a sale deed&#8217;s proof should be prepared to distinguish <strong>Rattan Singh<\/strong> rather than ignore it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>R. Veronica<\/strong> expressly cites and relies on <strong>Hans Raji<\/strong> and <strong>Bayanabai Kaware<\/strong> as binding authority, treating the Kerala High Court&#8217;s contrary approach as resting on a misreading of the statutory scheme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-section-100-cpc-the-procedural-spine-of-r-veronica\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_100_CPC_The_Procedural_Spine_of_R_Veronica\"><\/span>Section 100 CPC: The Procedural Spine of R. Veronica<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Independently of the Section 68 question, the Supreme Court found that the Kerala High Court had decided the second appeal without first formulating substantial questions of law under Section 100 CPC \u2014 a mandatory procedural requirement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The bench relied on <strong>Kondiba Dagadu Kadam v. Savitribai Sopan Gujar<\/strong>, (1999) 3 SCC 722 (also reported at AIR 1999 SC 2213), and on <strong>Nazir Mohamed v. J. Kamala &amp; Ors.<\/strong>, 2020 SCC OnLine SC 676.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&#8220;The High Court cannot proceed to hear a second appeal without formulating the substantial question of law involved in the appeal, and if it does so, it acts illegally and in abnegation or abdication of the duty cast on the court.&#8221; <\/strong>\u2014 Principle summarised in <em>Nazir Mohamed v. J. Kamala<\/em>, 2020 SCC OnLine SC 676<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court remitted the <strong>R. Veronica<\/strong> matter to the Kerala High Court for a de novo hearing after proper formulation of substantial questions of law, to be disposed of within three months, with a copy of the judgment directed to be forwarded to all High Courts\u2014underscoring the Court&#8217;s concern that both errors (procedural and substantive) not recur in subordinate courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-the-high-court-s-egregious-errors-and-their-correction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_High_Courts_%E2%80%9CEgregious_Errors%E2%80%9D_and_Their_Correction\"><\/span>The High Court&#8217;s &#8220;Egregious Errors&#8221; and Their Correction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Failure to frame substantial questions of law under Section 100 CPC.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Misconstruction of \u201cexecution of any document, not being a will&#8221; as covering registered sale deeds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Erroneous insistence that \u201cspecific denial\u201d required something beyond ordinary pleading denial.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both procedural and substantive errors were corrected, and the matter was remitted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-practical-implications-for-trial-and-appellate-practice\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Practical_Implications_for_Trial_and_Appellate_Practice\"><\/span>Practical Implications for Trial and Appellate Practice<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-proof-of-registered-sale-deeds\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Proof_of_Registered_Sale_Deeds\"><\/span>Proof of Registered Sale Deeds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In suits based on registered sale deeds, parties are not required, as a matter of law, to examine an attesting witness under Section 68, even where the document bears marginal witness signatures. Execution can be proved through the vendor, vendee, scribe, registry officials, surrounding circumstances, and the fact of registration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-pleadings-and-specific-denial\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pleadings_and_%E2%80%9CSpecific_Denial%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>Pleadings and &#8220;Specific Denial&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The concept of \u201cspecific denial\u201d in the proviso is relevant only where the document in question is one required by law to be attested to\u2014a registered gift deed or mortgage, for instance. Insisting on a separate suit or counterclaim to constitute \u201cspecific denial\u201d for a sale deed misapplies both Section 68 and ordinary civil pleading principles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-wills-remain-the-strict-category\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Wills_Remain_the_Strict_Category\"><\/span>Wills Remain the Strict Category<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Janki Narayan Bhoir continues to govern proof of wills: at least one attesting witness must be examined, and mere production of a registered will, however free of suspicious circumstances, does not dispense with that requirement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-second-appeals-under-section-100-cpc\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Second_Appeals_Under_Section_100_CPC\"><\/span>Second Appeals Under Section 100 CPC<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">High courts must scrupulously formulate substantial questions of law and confine reasoning to those questions unless new substantial questions are formally framed with notice to the parties, per Kondiba Dagadu Kadam and Nazir Mohamed. Failure vitiates the judgment independently of the merits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-citing-section-68-against-a-sale-deed\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Citing_Section_68_Against_a_Sale_Deed\"><\/span>Citing Section 68 Against a Sale Deed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where opposing counsel invokes Section 68 to challenge proof of a sale deed, practitioners should be prepared to meet a citation of <strong>Rattan Singh v. Nirmal Gill<\/strong> with the fuller and more directly reasoned line in <strong>Hans Raji<\/strong>, <strong>Bayanabai Kaware,<\/strong> and <strong>R. Veronica<\/strong>, each of which confronts the statutory text of Sections 54, 59, and 123 TPA squarely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-doctrinal-significance\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Doctrinal_Significance\"><\/span>Doctrinal Significance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anchors Section 68 firmly to the phrase \u201crequired by law to be attested,&#8221; preventing overextension to all registered documents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reinforces that a proviso cannot enlarge the scope of the principal provision or create a new substantive obligation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consolidates precedent from Hans Raji and Bayanabai Kaware, while leaving an acknowledged, unresolved tension with Rattan Singh v. Nirmal Gill that a future bench may need to address directly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reiterates, via Kondiba Dagadu Kadam and Nazir Mohamed, the mandatory nature of framing substantial questions of law before a second appeal is decided on merits.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For property litigation practitioners, revenue courts and civil judges, the working position is this: there is no legal requirement to prove a registered sale deed by examining attesting witnesses, because there is no legal requirement for attesting witnesses in the first place. Section 68 and its proviso belong to the distinct domain of statutorily attested documents\u2014wills, gifts, mortgages, and settlements requiring attestation\u2014not to ordinary sale deeds governed by Section 54 TPA. Rattan Singh&#8217;s contrary observation should be read narrowly and distinguished, not treated as displacing this settled line.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-citation-table\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Citation_Table\"><\/span>Citation Table<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Case \/ Authority<\/th><th>Citation(s)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>R. Veronica &amp; Anr. v. Rudrayani Devaki (D) Thr. LRs, S. Satha Kumar &amp; Ors.<\/td><td>2026 INSC 703; C.A. No. 6526\/2024, decided 14.07.2026 (Pardiwala &amp; Manoj Misra, JJ.)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hans Raji (Smt.) v. Yosodanand<\/td><td>(1996) 7 SCC 122<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bayanabai Kaware v. Rajendra s\/o Baburao Dhote<\/td><td>(2018) 1 SCC 585<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Janki Narayan Bhoir v. Narayan Namdeo Kadam<\/td><td>(2003) 2 SCC 91 [decided 17.12.2002]<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kondiba Dagadu Kadam v. Savitribai Sopan Gujar<\/td><td>(1999) 3 SCC 722; AIR 1999 SC 2213<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nazir Mohamed v. J. Kamala &amp; Ors.<\/td><td>2020 SCC OnLine SC 676; C.A. Nos. 2843-2844\/2010, decided 27.08.2020<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rattan Singh v. Nirmal Gill<\/td><td>(2021) 15 SCC 300, 327 (para. 55)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-practitioner-checklist\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Practitioner_Checklist\"><\/span>Practitioner Checklist<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identify the instrument type before invoking Section 68 \u2014 sale (Section 54 TPA) is outside; gift (Section 123 TPA), mortgage (Section 59 TPA), and will (Section 63 ISA) are inside.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For a registered sale deed under challenge, plead and lead evidence of execution through the executant, scribe, or registry officials\u2014do not rely solely on an attesting witness who may later turn hostile or be unavailable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Where the opposing side invokes Section 68 against a sale deed, cite Hans Raji, Bayanabai Kaware, and R. Veronica; be ready to distinguish Rattan Singh v. Nirmal Gill on its facts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For wills, always examine at least one attesting witness under Section 63 ISA read with Section 68 and address the availability of the second attesting witness per Janki Narayan Bhoir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In second appeals, verify at the threshold whether substantial questions of law were framed under Section 100 CPC; raise Kondiba Dagadu Kadam and Nazir Mohamed as a preliminary objection where they were not.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Where \u201cspecific denial\u201d is pleaded, confirm the underlying document actually falls within Section 68 before contesting the sufficiency of the denial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/unregistered-wills-india-legal-validity-supreme-court\/\">Unregistered Wills in India: Supreme Court Rules, Legal Validity &amp; Proof Explained<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/file-inheritance-case-dubai-2026-guide-expats\/\">How to Start an Inheritance Case in Dubai Step by Step: A Guide for Inheritance Lawyers<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/eviction-suits-recovery-of-possession-legal-framework-judicial-trends\/\">Eviction Suits and Recovery of Possession: Legal Framework and Judicial Trends<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/supreme-court-on-proof-of-wills-sardari-lal-2026-explained\/\">Supreme Court on Proof of Wills: Sardari Lal (2026) Explained<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/handwriting-expert-will-disputes-supreme-court-india\/\">Will Disputes in India: Supreme Court Rejects Mandatory Handwriting Expert Rule<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>R. Veronica Reaffirmed, Rattan Singh Reconciled: A Fortified Survey of the Attestation Jurisprudence A registered sale deed is not a document \u201crequired by law to be attested,&#8221; and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, therefore does not mandate proof of such a deed by examining an attesting witness, even where marginal or attesting<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":28389,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[1008,28],"class_list":["post-28364","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-civil-law","tag-civil-law","tag-top-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.9 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Supreme Court Clarifies Section 68 Evidence Act: Registered Sale Deeds Need No Attesting Witness | R. 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