{"id":28953,"date":"2026-08-02T05:47:01","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T05:47:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=28953"},"modified":"2026-08-02T06:08:05","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T06:08:05","slug":"gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/","title":{"rendered":"Trade Marks Act Section 91: Gujarat High Court Bars Letters Patent Appeal Under Section 100A CPC"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-introduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The interplay between special intellectual property enactments and general procedural provisions governing appellate remedies often raises significant jurisdictional questions. In a crucial judgment, the Division Bench of the High Court of Gujarat examined whether a further intra-court appeal under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent is maintainable against a single judge&#8217;s order passed in a statutory appeal under Section 91 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Factual_and_Procedural_Background\" >Factual and Procedural Background<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Procedural_Timeline\" >Procedural Timeline<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Dispute_Before_the_Court\" >Dispute Before the Court<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Arguments_of_the_Parties\" >Arguments of the Parties<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Reasoning_and_Analysis_of_the_Court\" >Reasoning and Analysis of the Court<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Key_Findings_of_the_Court\" >Key Findings of the Court<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Final_Decision_of_the_Court\" >Final Decision of the Court<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Point_of_Law_Settled\" >Point of Law Settled<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Legal_Principles_Established\" >Legal Principles Established<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-high-court-section-91-trade-marks-act-letters-patent-appeal-section-100a-cpc\/#Case_Details\" >Case Details<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-factual-and-procedural-background\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factual_and_Procedural_Background\"><\/span>Factual and Procedural Background<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The dispute arose out of an order dated February 27, 2023, passed by the Trademark Registry, Ahmedabad. Aggrieved by the Registry&#8217;s decision, statutory appeals were preferred before the High Court under Section 91 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999. On July 11, 2025, a single judge of the High Court adjudicated the appeals. Following this determination, intra-court appeals under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent were filed before the Division Bench. The respondents raised a preliminary objection contending that such appeals were barred by Section 100A of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, and the statutory framework of the 1999 Act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also Read: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalservicesindia.com\/cyber-crime-complaint-in-india-how-to-report-online-fraud-hacking-cyber-harassment-legally\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cyber Crime Complaint in India: How to Report Online Fraud, Hacking &amp; Cyber Harassment Legally<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-procedural-timeline\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Procedural_Timeline\"><\/span>Procedural Timeline<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Stage<\/th><th>Event<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>February 27, 2023<\/td><td>Trademark Registry, Ahmedabad, passed the impugned order.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 91 Appeal<\/td><td>Statutory appeals were filed before the High Court under the Trade Marks Act, 1999.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>July 11, 2025<\/td><td>A single judge decided the statutory appeals.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subsequent Stage<\/td><td>Letters Patent Appeals under Clause 15 were filed before the Division Bench.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preliminary Objection<\/td><td>Respondents challenged the maintainability of the intra-court appeals.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-dispute-before-the-court\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dispute_Before_the_Court\"><\/span>Dispute Before the Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The core legal question requiring adjudication was whether an intra-court appeal under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent can be entertained against a decision rendered by a single judge exercising appellate jurisdiction under Section 91 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The appellants argued that the jurisdiction under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent is an independent constitutional charter power that remains available unless expressly or by necessary implication excluded by statute. They contended that because the Registrar is an administrative authority and not a formal civil court, Section 100A of the Code of Civil Procedure does not apply to bar an intra-court appeal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conversely, the respondents argued that the Registrar functions as a quasi-judicial authority with full trappings of a court while deciding trademark disputes. Consequently, an appeal under Section 91 before a single judge is an exercise of appellate jurisdiction. They submitted that Section 100A of the Code of Civil Procedure bars any second appeal from a single judge&#8217;s appellate order, and that Parliament consciously removed the provision for a second appeal when replacing the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 with the Trade Marks Act, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-arguments-of-the-parties\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Arguments_of_the_Parties\"><\/span>Arguments of the Parties<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Appellants<\/th><th>Respondents<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Clause 15 jurisdiction is an independent constitutional charter power.<\/td><td>The registrar functions as a quasi-judicial authority with the trappings of a civil court.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Power survives unless expressly or impliedly excluded.<\/td><td>Appeal under Section 91 is an appellate proceeding.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Registrar is an administrative authority.<\/td><td>Section 100A CPC bars a further intra-court appeal.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 100A CPC does not apply.<\/td><td>The 1999 Act intentionally omitted the second appellate remedy available under the 1958 Act.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-reasoning-and-analysis-of-the-court\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reasoning_and_Analysis_of_the_Court\"><\/span>Reasoning and Analysis of the Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court conducted a comprehensive analysis of the powers vested in the Registrar under the Trade Marks Act, 1999, and the accompanying Trade Marks Rules, 2017. It noted that under Section 127 of the Act, the Registrar is endowed with explicit powers of a civil court, including receiving evidence, administering oaths, enforcing witness attendance, compelling document production, issuing commissions, and reviewing decisions. Moreover, orders regarding costs passed by the Registrar are executable as decrees of a civil court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By examining established constitutional precedents regarding quasi-judicial authorities, the Court observed that the basic test to determine whether an authority possesses the trappings of a court is whether it has been conferred with statutory power to resolve a dispute between contesting parties in exercise of the State&#8217;s inherent judicial function. Because the Registrar decides substantial legal rights and liabilities through adversarial evidentiary procedure, the Registrar functions as a tribunal possessing the trappings of a civil court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result, when a single judge hears a statutory appeal under Section 91 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, the judge exercises appellate jurisdiction rather than original jurisdiction. Section 100A of the Code of Civil Procedure contains a non-obstante clause overriding the Letters Patent and prohibiting any further appeal when a single judge decides an appeal from an order or decree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, the Court evaluated the legislative history, highlighting that Section 109(5) of the repealed 1958 Act specifically provided for a second tier of appeal to a Division Bench, whereas Section 91 of the 1999 Act consciously omitted this provision. This omission reflects a clear legislative intent to restrict statutory appeals to a single appellate forum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-key-findings-of-the-court\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Findings_of_the_Court\"><\/span>Key Findings of the Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Registrar possesses several powers equivalent to those of a civil court under Section 127 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Registrar adjudicates disputes affecting legal rights and liabilities through a quasi-judicial process.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An appeal under Section 91 is an exercise of appellate jurisdiction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Section 100A of the Code of Civil Procedure overrides Clause 15 of the Letters Patent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The omission of the second appellate remedy in the Trade Marks Act, 1999, reflects legislative intent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-final-decision-of-the-court\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Final_Decision_of_the_Court\"><\/span>Final Decision of the Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court sustained the preliminary objection raised by the respondents. It held that the intra-court appeals filed under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent against the judgement of the single judge were not maintainable and accordingly dismissed them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-point-of-law-settled\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Point_of_Law_Settled\"><\/span>Point of Law Settled<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This judgement reaffirms that the Registrar of Trade Marks acts as a tribunal with the trappings of a civil court when adjudicating trademark controversies. Consequently, an appeal determined by a single judge under Section 91 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, constitutes appellate adjudication. By application of Section 100A of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, further intra-court appeals under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent are completely barred.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-legal-principles-established\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Principles_Established\"><\/span>Legal Principles Established<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Registrar of Trade Marks functions as a tribunal possessing the trappings of a civil court.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Appeals under Section 91 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, are appellate proceedings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Section 100A CPC bars further intra-court appeals from a single judge&#8217;s appellate judgement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The omission of a second appellate forum in the 1999 Act demonstrates legislative intent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-case-details\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_Details\"><\/span>Case Details<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>Title of the Case<\/th><td>Raj Abhushan Bhandar vs. The Assistant Registrar of Trade Marks &amp; Anr.<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Date of Judgement<\/th><td>23\/07\/2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Case Number<\/th><td>Letters Patent Appeal No. 619 of 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Name of Court<\/th><td>High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Name of Hon&#8217;ble Judge<\/th><td>Hon&#8217;ble Mrs Justice Sunita Agarwal, Chief Justice, and Hon&#8217;ble Mr Justice D.N. Ray<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Written By<\/th><td>Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor [Patent and Trademark Attorney], High Court of Delhi<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/bar-on-intra-court-appeals-in-ipd-cases\/\">Bar on Intra-Court Appeals in IPD Cases<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/bombay-high-court-section-100a-cpc-bars-patent-intra-court-appeal\/\">Bombay High Court: No Intra-Court Appeal Against Single Judge&#8217;s Patent Appeal Judgement Under Section 117A of the Patents Act<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/consent-letter-for-gst-registration-format\/\">Consent Letter for GST Registration Format<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gujarat-marriage-law-reforms-2026-privacy-parental-consent-constitutional-rights-explained\/\">Gujarat Marriage Law Reforms 2026: Privacy, Parental Consent &amp; Constitutional Rights Explained<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/no-intra-court-appeal-against-single-judges-order-under-section-91-of-the-trade-marks-act-1999\/\">No Intra-Court Appeal Against Single Judge\u2019s Order Under Section 91 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction The interplay between special intellectual property enactments and general procedural provisions governing appellate remedies often raises significant jurisdictional questions. In a crucial judgment, the Division Bench of the High Court of Gujarat examined whether a further intra-court appeal under Clause 15 of the Letters Patent is maintainable against a single judge&#8217;s order passed in<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5873],"tags":[5969],"class_list":["post-28953","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-trademark-law","tag-trademark-laws"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.1 (Yoast SEO v28.1) - 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