{"id":29304,"date":"2026-08-06T07:42:14","date_gmt":"2026-08-06T07:42:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=29304"},"modified":"2026-08-06T07:47:16","modified_gmt":"2026-08-06T07:47:16","slug":"final-report-and-right-of-protest-petition-under-bnss","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/final-report-and-right-of-protest-petition-under-bnss\/","title":{"rendered":"Final Report and Right of Protest Petition under BNSS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>Final Report<\/strong> (instead of a charge-sheet) is submitted by the police under Section 193 BNSS when the investigation reveals insufficient evidence to prosecute, the complaint is false, it is a mistake of fact or law, or the offence is non-cognizable. The report must explain the facts and reasons for not filing a charge sheet. In West Bengal, classification is also guided by Regulation 275 of the Police Regulations of Bengal, 1943.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"2\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Narazi or Protest Petition<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the complainant is aggrieved by the Final Report, they may file a Protest (Narazi) Petition before the Magistrate, highlighting deficiencies such as bias, incomplete investigation, ignored evidence, external pressure, or irregularities. The magistrate may accept the final report or order further investigation under Section 193(9) BNSS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"3\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Types of Final Report<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under <strong>Regulation 275 of the Police Regulations of Bengal, 1943<\/strong>, final reports submitted by the police are classified into five categories for statistical and administrative purposes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>a) Final Report True (FRT)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>Final Report True (FRT)<\/strong> is filed when the police investigation confirms that the reported incident actually occurred, but finds that the named accused are not responsible or that there is insufficient evidence to prosecute anyone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example<\/strong>: In a reported murder case, the investigation establishes that the murder took place, but evidence (such as witness statements, CCTV footage, or alibis) shows the accused were not involved, or the real offender could not be identified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In such cases, the Investigating Officer submits an FRT stating that the complaint is true, yet no charge sheet can be filed because:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The accused are not involved;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The actual perpetrator could not be traced; or<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Evidence is inadequate to support prosecution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An FRT underscores that a genuine offense occurred, but the investigation could not yield sufficient admissible evidence against any person, highlighting the need for fair and thorough police work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>b) Final Report False (FRF)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>False Final Report (FRF)<\/strong> is submitted when the police investigation reveals that the incident did not occur as alleged in the complaint. After thorough inquiry, the Investigating Officer concludes that no offense, as reported, was committed and the accused are not responsible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example<\/strong>: In a case where a murder is alleged at a specific location, investigation may reveal that the death was due to accidental drowning and the accused had no involvement, supported by evidence and alibis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The FRF records that the complaint was false or unfounded. This protects innocent persons from unwarranted prosecution and ensures police records accurately reflect the true facts of the case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>c) Final Report Mistake of Fact (FRMF)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>Final Report of Mistake of Fact (FRMF)<\/strong> is filed when the investigation reveals that the complaint was based on a misunderstanding or incorrect perception of the facts. The investigating officer concludes that the alleged offense did not occur as reported and the accused are not responsible for any crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example<\/strong>: A complaint alleges kidnapping of a child. Investigation shows the child had willingly gone with a relative (e.g., uncle), with no criminal intent or abduction involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In such cases, the police submit an FRMF, recording that the complaint arose from a factual misunderstanding and no offense was committed. This underscores the importance of thorough investigation in uncovering the real facts and protecting innocent persons from prosecution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>d) Final Report Mistake of Law (FRML)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A Final Report of Mistake of Law (FRML)<\/strong> is filed when police conclude that the facts alleged in a case do not amount to an offense under law. Unlike mistakes of fact, this arises from a wrong legal interpretation or misapplication of provisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong> A complaint may allege abduction and rape, but investigation reveals the parties were consenting adults, meaning no offense is made out under the law. In such cases, the Investigating Officer submits an FRML, indicating that the case was registered due to an incorrect legal understanding and that the accused are not liable. This underscores the importance of applying the correct legal provisions to ensure fair investigation outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>e) Final Report Non-cog (FRNC)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A Final Report Non\u2011Cognizable (FRNC)<\/strong> is filed when investigation confirms that an incident occurred but reveals it amounts only to a <strong>non\u2011cognizable offence<\/strong>\u2014one where police cannot arrest without a warrant and the offence is less serious than a cognizable offence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong> A complaint may allege grievous hurt under Section 118(2) BNS, but evidence shows it is only voluntarily causing hurt under Section 115(2) BNS, which is non\u2011cognizable. In such cases, the Investigating Officer submits an FRNC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the magistrate accepts it, the FIR is generally closed unless the complainant files a protest petition. An FRNC ensures proper classification of the case, reflects the true findings of investigation, and applies the correct legal provisions so the accused is dealt with under appropriate law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"4\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Case Law<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As per <em>Bhagwant Singh v. Commissioner of Police <\/em>(1985) 2 SCC 537, when the police submit a closure report under Section 193 BNSS and the Magistrate proposes to drop proceedings, notice must be given to the informant\/complainant, who has a right to be heard through a <em>protest petition<\/em>. This ensures judicial oversight and prevents arbitrary closure of investigations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"5\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Final reports such as <strong>FRT<\/strong>, <strong>FRF<\/strong>, <strong>FRMF<\/strong>, <strong>FRML<\/strong>, and <strong>FRNC<\/strong> classify investigation outcomes for statistical and administrative purposes when a charge sheet is not filed. If the complainant disagrees, they may file a <strong>protest petition<\/strong> seeking further investigation. The Magistrate may accept the Final Report or order further investigation under Section 193 BNSS, 2023, but generally cannot direct a fresh or re\u2011investigation\u2014such powers rest with the High Courts or Supreme Court. Acceptance of a final report usually closes the FIR, unless the court orders otherwise, ensuring that investigations are concluded in line with evidence and law while preserving remedies for the complainant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/privacy-vs-surveillance-in-india-are-we-becoming-a-surveillance-state\/\">Privacy vs Surveillance in India: Are We Becoming a Surveillance State?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/does-protest-lead-to-legal-and-constitutional-change-historical-examples-constitutional-analysis-global-lessons\/\">Does Protest Lead to Legal and Constitutional Change? Historical Examples, Constitutional Analysis &amp; Global Lessons<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/student-protest-violence-supreme-court-hearing-right-to-protest-police-accountability\/\">Student Protest Violence Supreme Court Hearing: Right to Protest, Police Accountability &amp; FIR Clarification<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/from-free-protest-to-felony-the-criminalization-of-dissent-in-the-21st-century\/\">From Free Protest To Felony- The Criminalization Of Dissent In The 21st Century<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/bharatiya-nagrik-suraksha-sanhita-bnss-2023-complete-guide\/\">Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) 2023: Complete Guide to Criminal Procedure, Arrest, Investigation, Trial &amp; Courts in India<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Final Report (instead of a charge-sheet) is submitted by the police under Section 193 BNSS when the investigation reveals insufficient evidence to prosecute, the complaint is false, it is a mistake of fact or law, or the offence is non-cognizable. The report must explain the facts and reasons for not filing a charge sheet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":29463,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[4798,28],"class_list":["post-29304","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-criminal-law","tag-criminal-law","tag-top-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.8 (Yoast SEO v28.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Final Report and Right of Protest Petition under BNSS - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Section 193 BNSS Final Report guide: FRT, FRF, FRMF, FRML, FRNC, Protest Petition, Magistrate&#039;s powers &amp; key Supreme Court ruling.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/final-report-and-right-of-protest-petition-under-bnss\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Final Report and Right of Protest Petition under BNSS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Section 193 BNSS Final Report guide: FRT, FRF, FRMF, FRML, FRNC, Protest Petition, Magistrate&#039;s powers &amp; key Supreme Court ruling.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/final-report-and-right-of-protest-petition-under-bnss\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Legal Service India - Articles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-08-06T07:42:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-06T07:47:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/final-report-under-section-193-bnss-frt-frf-frmf-frml-frnc-protest-petition.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Md. 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Imran Wahab\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Md. Imran Wahab\"},\"description\":\"\ud83d\udc6e Md. Imran Wahab, IPS Inspector General of Police (IGP), Provisioning, West Bengal Md. Imran Wahab is a distinguished Indian Police Service officer with extensive experience in law enforcement, administration, prison management, and public service. He has held several senior positions in the West Bengal Police, Kolkata Police, and Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, and served as Special IG and IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal. \ud83c\udf93 Academic Excellence: He holds degrees in Science, Arts, Law, and Business Administration, along with multiple postgraduate diplomas in specialised fields, including Human Rights, Psychology, Public Administration, and Disaster Management. He has also undergone specialised training at SVPNPA, IIM Ahmedabad, and in Singapore. \ud83d\udcda Author &amp; Research Scholar: He has authored Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters and Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations. With over 1,000 articles to his credit, his research and writings cover law, policing, criminal justice, prison administration, politics, and international affairs. His contributions have appeared in reputed police and research journals. \ud83d\uddf3\ufe0f Election Management &amp; Leadership: As an Election Commission of India observer, he has contributed to election management across several Indian states. He has also chaired and served on recruitment boards for Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. 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Imran Wahab","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","caption":"Md. Imran Wahab"},"description":"\ud83d\udc6e Md. Imran Wahab, IPS Inspector General of Police (IGP), Provisioning, West Bengal Md. Imran Wahab is a distinguished Indian Police Service officer with extensive experience in law enforcement, administration, prison management, and public service. He has held several senior positions in the West Bengal Police, Kolkata Police, and Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, and served as Special IG and IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal. \ud83c\udf93 Academic Excellence: He holds degrees in Science, Arts, Law, and Business Administration, along with multiple postgraduate diplomas in specialised fields, including Human Rights, Psychology, Public Administration, and Disaster Management. He has also undergone specialised training at SVPNPA, IIM Ahmedabad, and in Singapore. \ud83d\udcda Author &amp; Research Scholar: He has authored Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters and Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations. With over 1,000 articles to his credit, his research and writings cover law, policing, criminal justice, prison administration, politics, and international affairs. His contributions have appeared in reputed police and research journals. \ud83d\uddf3\ufe0f Election Management &amp; Leadership: As an Election Commission of India observer, he has contributed to election management across several Indian states. He has also chaired and served on recruitment boards for Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. 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