{"id":29407,"date":"2026-08-08T11:29:57","date_gmt":"2026-08-08T11:29:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=29407"},"modified":"2026-08-08T11:39:41","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T11:39:41","slug":"types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/","title":{"rendered":"Types of First Information Reports (FIRs): Law, Procedure, and Judicial Interpretation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-introduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A First Information Report (FIR) is the earliest information recorded by the police regarding the commission of a cognisable offence. It marks the commencement of the criminal justice process and authorises the police to investigate the offence without prior permission from a magistrate.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#Types_of_FIR\" >Types of FIR<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#1_Regular_FIR_Written_or_Oral\" >1. Regular FIR (Written or Oral)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#2_Zero_FIR\" >2. Zero FIR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#3_Electronic_FIR_E-FIR\" >3. Electronic FIR (E-FIR)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#4_Telephonic_FIR\" >4. Telephonic FIR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#5_Cross_Counter_FIR\" >5. Cross (Counter) FIR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#6_Multiple_and_Successive_FIRs\" >6. Multiple and Successive FIRs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#7_Anonymous_and_Pseudonymous_FIR\" >7. Anonymous and Pseudonymous FIR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#8_FIR_Based_on_the_Source_of_Information\" >8. FIR Based on the Source of Information<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#9_Delayed_FIR\" >9. Delayed FIR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#10_FIR_Against_Unknown_Persons\" >10. FIR Against Unknown Persons<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#11_FIR_in_Special_Categories_of_Offences\" >11. FIR in Special Categories of Offences<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#12_False_or_Malicious_FIR\" >12. False or Malicious FIR<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#Judicial_Principles_Governing_First_Information_Reports_FIRs\" >Judicial Principles Governing First Information Reports (FIRs)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#Mandatory_Registration\" >Mandatory Registration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#Zero_FIR\" >Zero FIR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#Second_FIR\" >Second FIR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#Delay_in_Lodging_an_FIR\" >Delay in Lodging an FIR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#Evidentiary_Value_of_an_FIR\" >Evidentiary Value of an FIR<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The law relating to the registration of FIRs is contained in Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), which replaces Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Under Section 173, information relating to a cognisable offence may be given orally, in writing, or through electronic communication, irrespective of the place where the offence occurred. The information must be recorded, read over to the informant where applicable, signed by the informant, and a free copy supplied without delay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the BNSS does not formally classify FIRs into different categories, judicial pronouncements and established police practice recognise several types based on the mode of registration, territorial jurisdiction, source of information, and special circumstances. Knowledge of these categories is essential for police officers, prosecutors, judicial officers, lawyers, and students of criminal law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-types-of-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_FIR\"><\/span>Types of FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-1-regular-fir-written-or-oral\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Regular_FIR_Written_or_Oral\"><\/span>1. Regular FIR (Written or Oral)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under Indian criminal procedure, a <strong>First Information Report (FIR)<\/strong> may be conveyed orally or in writing; if oral, the officer in charge must reduce it to writing, read it back, and secure the informant\u2019s signature or thumb impression.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once recorded and entered in the station diary, it becomes a <strong>regular FIR<\/strong> under <strong>Section 173 BNSS, 2023<\/strong> (formerly Section 154 CrPC), registered by the police station with territorial jurisdiction over the cognisable offence. This regular FIR remains the most common form of FIR in practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-zero-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Zero_FIR\"><\/span>2. Zero FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>zero FIR<\/strong> is an FIR registered by any police station, irrespective of its territorial jurisdiction. After registration, it is transferred to the police station having jurisdiction for investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zero FIR ensures that urgent complaints, particularly those involving serious offences against women and children, are registered immediately without delay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-electronic-fir-e-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Electronic_FIR_E-FIR\"><\/span>3. Electronic FIR (E-FIR)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An <strong>E-FIR<\/strong> is lodged through electronic means such as online portals, mobile applications, e-mail, or other digital platforms recognised under Section 173 BNSS. It enhances accessibility, transparency, and prompt registration, particularly in cybercrime and property-related offences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-4-telephonic-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Telephonic_FIR\"><\/span>4. Telephonic FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Information received over the telephone may constitute an FIR if it contains sufficient details of a cognisable offence and is intended to set the criminal law in motion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A vague or anonymous call merely seeking police assistance ordinarily does not amount to an FIR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-cross-counter-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Cross_Counter_FIR\"><\/span>5. Cross (Counter) FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>Cross FIR<\/strong>, also known as a <strong>Counter FIR<\/strong>, arises when two rival parties involved in the same occurrence lodge separate FIRs against each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each version is investigated independently to ensure fairness and impartiality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-6-multiple-and-successive-firs\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Multiple_and_Successive_FIRs\"><\/span>6. Multiple and Successive FIRs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>multiple FIR<\/strong> refers to more than one FIR relating to the same occurrence. As a general rule, the registration of a second FIR by the same informant concerning the same incident is not permissible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, a genuine counter-version by the opposite party or a distinct and independent transaction may justify a separate FIR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-7-anonymous-and-pseudonymous-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Anonymous_and_Pseudonymous_FIR\"><\/span>7. Anonymous and Pseudonymous FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An <strong>anonymous FIR<\/strong> is based on information supplied by an unidentified person, whereas a <strong>pseudonymous FIR<\/strong> is lodged under a false or fictitious name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such information is carefully scrutinised before registration unless it clearly discloses the commission of a cognisable offence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-8-fir-based-on-the-source-of-information\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_FIR_Based_on_the_Source_of_Information\"><\/span>8. FIR Based on the Source of Information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An FIR may be lodged by <strong>the victim, a relative, a friend, a guardian, a witness, a police officer, or any other person having knowledge of the commission of a cognisable offence<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The law does not require that the informant must be the victim. What is important is that the information discloses the commission of a cognisable offence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-9-delayed-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Delayed_FIR\"><\/span>9. Delayed FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>delayed FIR<\/strong> is one lodged after a lapse of time from the occurrence of the offence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Delay does not by itself render the FIR invalid. Courts examine whether the delay has been satisfactorily explained, such as by medical treatment, fear, trauma, or other genuine circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-10-fir-against-unknown-persons\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_FIR_Against_Unknown_Persons\"><\/span>10. FIR Against Unknown Persons<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where the identity of the offender is not immediately known, the FIR may be registered against <strong>unknown persons<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such FIRs are common in cases of murder, robbery, hit-and-run accidents, and other offences where the accused is identified during investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-11-fir-in-special-categories-of-offences\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_FIR_in_Special_Categories_of_Offences\"><\/span>11. FIR in Special Categories of Offences<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certain offences require additional procedural safeguards while recording the FIR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cybercrime FIRs<\/strong> are often registered electronically and involve offences such as online fraud, hacking, phishing, identity theft, and ransomware attacks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sexual offence FIRs<\/strong> must be recorded with due regard to the dignity and privacy of the victim. Wherever required by law, they should be recorded by a woman police officer and in accordance with the provisions of the BNSS and the POCSO Act.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-12-false-or-malicious-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_False_or_Malicious_FIR\"><\/span>12. False or Malicious FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>false or malicious FIR<\/strong> is one based on knowingly false allegations or fabricated facts with the intention of harassing or falsely implicating another person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the mere acquittal of an accused or closure of a case does not automatically establish that the FIR was false or malicious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-judicial-principles-governing-first-information-reports-firs\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judicial_Principles_Governing_First_Information_Reports_FIRs\"><\/span>Judicial Principles Governing First Information Reports (FIRs)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-mandatory-registration\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mandatory_Registration\"><\/span>Mandatory Registration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An FIR <strong>must<\/strong> be registered under <strong>Section 173(1) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS)<\/strong> whenever information discloses the commission of a cognisable offence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A preliminary inquiry before registration is permissible only in limited and exceptional categories of cases, as recognised by the Supreme Court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Lalita Kumari v. Government of Uttar Pradesh, (2014) 2 SCC 1.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-zero-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zero_FIR\"><\/span>Zero FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>Zero FIR<\/strong> may be registered at <strong>any police station<\/strong>, irrespective of territorial jurisdiction, and thereafter transferred to the police station having jurisdiction for investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the expression &#8220;Zero FIR&#8221; does not appear in the BNSS, the underlying principle of registration irrespective of jurisdiction is now recognised under <strong>Section 173(1) of the BNSS, 2023<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Lalita Kumari v. Government of Uttar Pradesh, (2014) 2 SCC 1; State of Andhra Pradesh v. Punati Ramulu, AIR 1993 SC 2644.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-second-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Second_FIR\"><\/span>Second FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ordinarily, a second FIR relating to the <strong>same incident or occurrence<\/strong> by the same informant is not maintainable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, a counter-complaint by the opposite party or a fresh complaint relating to a <strong>distinct and independent transaction<\/strong> is legally permissible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>T.T. Antony v. State of Kerala, (2001) 6 SCC 181; Upkar Singh v. Ved Prakash, (2004) 13 SCC 292.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-delay-in-lodging-an-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Delay_in_Lodging_an_FIR\"><\/span>Delay in Lodging an FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mere delay in lodging an FIR is not, by itself, fatal to the prosecution case, provided the delay is satisfactorily explained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The effect of such delay depends on the facts and circumstances of each case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Apren Joseph v. State of Kerala, (1973) 3 SCC 114; State of Himachal Pradesh v. Gian Chand, (2001) 6 SCC 71.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-evidentiary-value-of-an-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Evidentiary_Value_of_an_FIR\"><\/span>Evidentiary Value of an FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An FIR is <strong>not substantive evidence<\/strong>. Its principal purpose is to set the criminal law in motion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It may be used only to corroborate or contradict its maker in accordance with <strong>Sections 148 and 160 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023<\/strong> (corresponding to Sections 145 and 157 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Aghnoo Nagesia v. State of Bihar, AIR 1966 SC 119; Hasib v. State of Bihar, (1972) 4 SCC 773.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The First Information Report is the foundation of every criminal investigation involving a cognisable offence. The <strong>BNSS, 2023,<\/strong> has modernised the law by recognising electronic registration, facilitating Zero FIRs, and strengthening victim-centric procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, judicial pronouncements continue to guide the registration and investigation of FIRs to ensure fairness, transparency, and accountability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A sound understanding of the different types of FIRs enables police officers to discharge their duties lawfully, safeguards the rights of victims and accused persons alike, and promotes the effective administration of criminal justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The FIR remains the cornerstone of criminal investigation, and the BNSS 2023 modernises its framework while judicial pronouncements ensure that its registration and use uphold fairness, transparency, and the rights of all parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/zero-fir-under-bnss-2023-meaning-procedure-police-duties-legal-rights-explained\/\">Zero FIR Under BNSS 2023: Meaning, Procedure, Police Duties &amp; Legal Rights Explained<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-and-preliminary-inquiry-under-bnss\/\">FIR and Preliminary Inquiry under BNSS<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-vs-complaint-matrimonial-disputes-bnss-bns85-dv-act\/\">FIR vs Complaint in Matrimonial Disputes: Legal Difference Under BNSS, BNS 85\/86 &amp; DV Act Explained<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/section-63-copyright-act-supreme-court-rules-copyright-infringement-is-a-cognizable-and-non-bailable-offence\/\">Section 63 Copyright Act: Supreme Court Rules Copyright Infringement Is a Cognisable and Non-Bailable Offence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/how-to-file-fir-in-india-police-refuse-complaint-remedies\/\">How to File an FIR in a Police Station in India (2026 Guide) | Remedies If Police Refuse Complaint<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction A First Information Report (FIR) is the earliest information recorded by the police regarding the commission of a cognisable offence. It marks the commencement of the criminal justice process and authorises the police to investigate the offence without prior permission from a magistrate. The law relating to the registration of FIRs is contained in<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[4798],"class_list":["post-29407","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-criminal-law","tag-criminal-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Types of First Information Reports (FIRs): Law, Procedure, and Judicial Interpretation - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn the types of FIR under BNSS 2023, including Zero FIR, E-FIR, Cross FIR, delayed FIR and key Supreme Court principles.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Types of First Information Reports (FIRs): Law, Procedure, and Judicial Interpretation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn the types of FIR under BNSS 2023, including Zero FIR, E-FIR, Cross FIR, delayed FIR and key Supreme Court principles.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Legal Service India - Articles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-08-08T11:29:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-08T11:39:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Md. 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He served in Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, holding the positions of DCP (Special Branch) and DCP (Traffic) for over 4 years. He was posted in the districts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Nadia as Additional SP. At the sub-divisional level, he has worked as SDPOs of Gangarampur, Raghunathpur and Kalna sub-divisions of West Bengal. His tenure as Special IG and subsequently as IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal, for over 4 years, saw him deeply engaged in improving the prison and correctional system. He visited numerous correctional homes across West Bengal, interacting with inmates, both male and female, including children residing with their incarcerated mothers. His outreach extended to correctional homes in Assam, Bihar, and Tripura. This hands-on approach provided him with invaluable insights into the workings of prisons and the complexities of the prisoner psyche. Beyond his operational roles, Md. 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He is also a research scholar in law and has contributed articles to the Indian Police Journal, National Crime Record Bureau Journal, SVP National Police Academy Journal, and International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research etc. Currently, he serves as IGP, Provisioning, West Bengal.\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/author\\\/md-imranwahab\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Types of First Information Reports (FIRs): Law, Procedure, and Judicial Interpretation - Legal Service India - Articles","description":"Learn the types of FIR under BNSS 2023, including Zero FIR, E-FIR, Cross FIR, delayed FIR and key Supreme Court principles.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Types of First Information Reports (FIRs): Law, Procedure, and Judicial Interpretation","og_description":"Learn the types of FIR under BNSS 2023, including Zero FIR, E-FIR, Cross FIR, delayed FIR and key Supreme Court principles.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/types-of-first-information-reports-firs-law-procedure-and-judicial-interpretation\/","og_site_name":"Legal Service India - Articles","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind","article_published_time":"2026-08-08T11:29:57+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-08-08T11:39:41+00:00","author":"Md. 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Imran Wahab","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","caption":"Md. Imran Wahab"},"description":"Md. Imran Wahab, a distinguished 2004-batch Indian Police Service officer, has dedicated over 32 years to public service, holding various senior managerial positions within the West Bengal Police force. His career has spanned diverse roles across different districts, including Kolkata Police, serving as DCP, 5th Battalion, Kolkata Armed Police and DCP (Port Division), for approximately 4 years. He served in Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, holding the positions of DCP (Special Branch) and DCP (Traffic) for over 4 years. He was posted in the districts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Nadia as Additional SP. At the sub-divisional level, he has worked as SDPOs of Gangarampur, Raghunathpur and Kalna sub-divisions of West Bengal. His tenure as Special IG and subsequently as IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal, for over 4 years, saw him deeply engaged in improving the prison and correctional system. He visited numerous correctional homes across West Bengal, interacting with inmates, both male and female, including children residing with their incarcerated mothers. His outreach extended to correctional homes in Assam, Bihar, and Tripura. This hands-on approach provided him with invaluable insights into the workings of prisons and the complexities of the prisoner psyche. Beyond his operational roles, Md. Imran Wahab possesses a strong academic background, holding B.Sc., M.A., L.L.B., and M.B.A. degrees. He has also completed Post Graduate Diplomas in Human Rights, Project Management, Corporate Management, Computer Application, Public Administration, Medical Law, Disaster Management, Fire Safety &amp; Hazards Management and Psychology. He has attended Indian government sponsored specialized training in police and management matters in SVPNPA, Hyderabad, IIM, Ahmedabad and Singapore. He is the author of the books 'Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters' and 'Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations' demonstrating his commitment to knowledge sharing within the law enforcement field. As an observer for the Election Commission of India, he has gained firsthand experience in conducting assembly elections and bye-elections in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Assam, Bihar, and Tripura (twice). This exposure has given him a deep understanding of election management and the Election Commission's operations. He has also served as Chairman and as a member of various recruitment boards for the selection of police personnel in Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. Md. Imran Wahab's interests extend beyond law enforcement to include law, politics, international affairs, prison management, and business management. He has authored over 1000 articles on these diverse topics, reflecting his intellectual curiosity and desire to contribute to public discourse. He is also a research scholar in law and has contributed articles to the Indian Police Journal, National Crime Record Bureau Journal, SVP National Police Academy Journal, and International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research etc. Currently, he serves as IGP, Provisioning, West Bengal.","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/author\/md-imranwahab\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/49"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29407"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29688,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29407\/revisions\/29688"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29407"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}