{"id":29421,"date":"2026-08-08T08:02:58","date_gmt":"2026-08-08T08:02:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=29421"},"modified":"2026-08-08T08:11:07","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T08:11:07","slug":"fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/","title":{"rendered":"FIR: Procedures for Cancellation, Withdrawal, and Quashing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-cancellation-of-fir-by-the-police\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cancellation_of_FIR_by_the_Police\"><\/span>Cancellation of FIR by the Police<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An officer-in-charge of a police station\u2014or any senior police officer, for that matter\u2014lacks the statutory authority to cancel a First Information Report (FIR). Even if a thorough investigation reveals that no cognisable offence was committed, police officers cannot unilaterally void or cancel an FIR.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Cancellation_of_FIR_by_the_Police\" >Cancellation of FIR by the Police<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Investigation_and_Final_Police_Report\" >Investigation and Final Police Report<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#When_Is_an_FIR_Legally_Cancelled\" >When Is an FIR Legally Cancelled?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Key_Points_on_FIR_Cancellation\" >Key Points on FIR Cancellation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Classification_of_Police_Report_in_Final_Form\" >Classification of Police Report in Final Form<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#1_Final_Report_True_FRT\" >1. Final Report True (FRT)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#2_Final_Report_False_FRF\" >2. Final Report False (FRF)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#3_Final_Report_Mistake_of_Fact_FRMF\" >3. Final Report Mistake of Fact (FRMF)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#4_Final_Report_Mistake_of_Law_FRML\" >4. Final Report Mistake of Law (FRML)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#5_Final_Report_Non-Cognisable_FRNC\" >5. Final Report Non-Cognisable (FRNC)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Judicial_Disposal_Constructive_Cancellation\" >Judicial Disposal &amp; Constructive Cancellation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Effect_of_Acceptance\" >Effect of Acceptance<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Cancellation_of_FIR_by_the_Magistrate\" >Cancellation of FIR by the Magistrate<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Types_of_Negative_Final_Reports\" >Types of Negative Final Reports<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Effect_of_a_Charge_Sheet_on_FIR_Cancellation\" >Effect of a Charge Sheet on FIR Cancellation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Withdrawal_of_FIR\" >Withdrawal of FIR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#QuashingCancellation_of_FIR_by_High_Court\" >Quashing\/Cancellation of FIR by High Court<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#State_of_Haryana_v_Bhajan_Lal_Guidelines_for_Quashing_FIR\" >State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal Guidelines for Quashing FIR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Key_Grounds_for_High_Court_Intervention\" >Key Grounds for High Court Intervention<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fir-procedures-for-cancellation-withdrawal-and-quashing\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-investigation-and-final-police-report\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Investigation_and_Final_Police_Report\"><\/span>Investigation and Final Police Report<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Upon completing the investigation, the investigating officer is required to submit a final police report (Closure\/Final Report) before the jurisdictional magistrate for approval, as mandated under <strong>Section 193 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-when-is-an-fir-legally-cancelled\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_Is_an_FIR_Legally_Cancelled\"><\/span>When Is an FIR Legally Cancelled?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Legally, an FIR is considered cancelled only when the magistrate accepts this final report. Conversely, if the magistrate rejects the report, the FIR remains valid and active, and the legal proceedings continue accordingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-key-points-on-fir-cancellation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Points_on_FIR_Cancellation\"><\/span>Key Points on FIR Cancellation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>An officer-in-charge of a police station lacks the statutory authority to cancel an FIR.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Senior police officers cannot unilaterally void or cancel an FIR.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>After completing the investigation, the investigating officer must submit a final police report before the jurisdictional magistrate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The final police report may be a closure\/final report.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The magistrate&#8217;s acceptance of the final report results in the FIR being considered cancelled.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If the magistrate rejects the final report, the FIR remains valid and active.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legal proceedings continue accordingly when the magistrate rejects the final report.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-classification-of-police-report-in-final-form\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Classification_of_Police_Report_in_Final_Form\"><\/span>Classification of Police Report in Final Form<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a police investigation reveals that no trial is warranted, the officer-in-charge submits a final report (excluding a charge sheet) to the jurisdictional magistrate under Section 193 BNSS. These reports typically fall into five categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-1-final-report-true-frt\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Final_Report_True_FRT\"><\/span>1. Final Report True (FRT)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Final Report True (FRT):<\/strong> The alleged incident occurred as reported, but the named accused persons are not criminally liable (e.g., a theft took place, but those named in the FIR were not involved).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-final-report-false-frf\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Final_Report_False_FRF\"><\/span>2. Final Report False (FRF)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Final Report False (FRF):<\/strong> The alleged incident did not occur at all, and the accusations against the suspect are fabricated or false (e.g., no theft ever occurred at the scene).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-final-report-mistake-of-fact-frmf\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Final_Report_Mistake_of_Fact_FRMF\"><\/span>3. Final Report Mistake of Fact (FRMF)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Final Report Mistake of Fact (FRMF):<\/strong> The incident occurred under a factual misapprehension that does not constitute an offence (e.g., allegations of kidnapping and rape that turn out to be a consensual elopement and marriage between adults).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-4-final-report-mistake-of-law-frml\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Final_Report_Mistake_of_Law_FRML\"><\/span>4. Final Report Mistake of Law (FRML)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Final Report Mistake of Law (FRML):<\/strong> The facts alleged do not legally constitute an offence under the law (e.g., consensual marriage between adults misconstrued or alleged as an offence).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-final-report-non-cognisable-frnc\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Final_Report_Non-Cognisable_FRNC\"><\/span>5. Final Report Non-Cognisable (FRNC)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Final Report Non-Cognisable (FRNC):<\/strong> The incident occurred, but the investigation reveals only a non-cognisable offence (e.g., allegations under Section 118 BNS are disproved, revealing only a non-cognisable offence under Section 115(2) BNS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Final Report<\/th><th>Meaning<\/th><th>Basic Position<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>FRT<\/strong><\/td><td>Final Report True<\/td><td>The incident occurred, but the named accused persons are not criminally liable.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>FRF<\/strong><\/td><td>Final Report False<\/td><td>The alleged incident did not occur, and the accusations are false.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>FRMF<\/strong><\/td><td>Final Report: Mistake of Fact<\/td><td>The incident resulted from a factual misunderstanding and does not constitute an offence.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>FRML<\/strong><\/td><td>Final Report: Mistake of Law<\/td><td>Facts alleged do not legally constitute an offence.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>FRNC<\/strong><\/td><td>Final Report: Non-Cognisable<\/td><td>Investigation reveals only a non-cognisable offence.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-judicial-disposal-amp-constructive-cancellation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judicial_Disposal_Constructive_Cancellation\"><\/span>Judicial Disposal &amp; Constructive Cancellation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Statutory Note:<\/strong> The BNSS contains no explicit provision for the &#8220;cancellation&#8221; of an FIR by the police or the magistrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-effect-of-acceptance\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Effect_of_Acceptance\"><\/span>Effect of Acceptance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Effect of Acceptance:<\/strong> If the Magistrate accepts any of the above Final Reports, the proceedings are dropped and the FIR is constructively deemed cancelled\u2014provided no Protest\/Narazi Petition is filed by the informant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Release under Section 189 BNSS:<\/strong> Where evidence is deficient, the Investigating Officer may release the accused on a bond\/surety under Section 189 BNSS and recommend discharge in the Final Report.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Discretion of the Magistrate:<\/strong> The Magistrate is not bound by the police conclusion. As established in <em>India Carat Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Karnataka (1989)<\/em>, the magistrate can disagree with the final report, examine witness statements recorded during investigation, take cognisance of the offence, and issue a process against the accused.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-cancellation-of-fir-by-the-magistrate\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cancellation_of_FIR_by_the_Magistrate\"><\/span>Cancellation of FIR by the Magistrate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every investigation must be completed without unnecessary delay. Upon completing the investigation, the police are required to submit a final report under <strong>Section 193 of the BNSS<\/strong>, detailing the facts established and the conclusions reached.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Upon receipt of this report, the Magistrate may take cognisance of the offence under <strong>Section 210 of the BNSS<\/strong> if a <em>prima facie<\/em> case is made out. Conversely, if no offence is disclosed, the magistrate may accept the final report and drop the proceedings\u2014in which case the FIR is deemed to be cancelled or closed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-types-of-negative-final-reports\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Negative_Final_Reports\"><\/span>Types of Negative Final Reports<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This typical outcome occurs when the investigating officer submits a negative final report, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>FRT<\/strong> (<em>Final Report True<\/em> \u2014 offence occurred, but untraced\/no evidence)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FRMF<\/strong> (<em>Final Report Mistake of Fact<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FRML<\/strong> (<em>Final Report Mistake of Law<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FRNC<\/strong> (<em>Final Report <\/em>Non-Cognisable)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-effect-of-a-charge-sheet-on-fir-cancellation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Effect_of_a_Charge_Sheet_on_FIR_Cancellation\"><\/span>Effect of a Charge Sheet on FIR Cancellation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, there is no dropping of proceedings or constructive cancellation of the FIR if the police submit a <strong>charge sheet<\/strong> (or final report alleging commission of an offence) against the accused, as the magistrate then proceeds with judicial trial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-withdrawal-of-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Withdrawal_of_FIR\"><\/span>Withdrawal of FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An FIR, once lodged, cannot be withdrawn by the informant. Under the statutory scheme, an FIR is lodged with the Officer-in-Charge of a police station regarding the commission of a cognisable offence. Because cognisable offences are serious in nature, the law treats them as crimes committed not merely against the individual victim but against the State itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consequently, an individual victim or informant lacks the legal standing to unilaterally withdraw a recorded FIR. Furthermore, neither the officer-in-charge of a police station, any senior police officer, nor the jurisdictional magistrate possesses the statutory authority to allow the withdrawal of an FIR. Once the criminal law is set in motion, it must proceed to its lawful conclusion in accordance with the statutory framework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-quashing-cancellation-of-fir-by-high-court\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"QuashingCancellation_of_FIR_by_High_Court\"><\/span>Quashing\/Cancellation of FIR by High Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While a police station is the designated place to register an FIR for a cognisable crime, the process is sometimes abused to settle personal or political scores, convert civil disputes into criminal cases, or fabricate non-bailable offences. To check such abuse, <strong>Section 528 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS),<\/strong> empowers High Courts to quash or cancel false, frivolous, or malicious FIRs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-state-of-haryana-v-bhajan-lal-guidelines-for-quashing-fir\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"State_of_Haryana_v_Bhajan_Lal_Guidelines_for_Quashing_FIR\"><\/span>State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal Guidelines for Quashing FIR<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The landmark <em>State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal<\/em> guidelines set out key conditions where the High Court may exercise its inherent powers under Section 528 BNSS:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>magistrate&#8217;sGround for Quashing FIR<\/th><th>Explanation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>No Offence Disclosed<\/strong><\/td><td>Uncontroverted allegations in the FIR, accepted at face value, fail to establish any offence or construct a viable case.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Non-Cognisable Offence<\/strong><\/td><td>Allegations reveal only a non-cognisable offence, making a police investigation impermissible without a Magistrate&#8217;s order under Section 174 BNSS.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Absurd or Improbable Allegations<\/strong><\/td><td>Claims are so inherently outlandish that no reasonable person could justify proceeding against the accused.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Express Statutory Bar<\/strong><\/td><td>Specific provisions in the BNSS or governing law prohibit the initiation or continuation of proceedings.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Malicious Prosecution<\/strong><\/td><td>Criminal proceedings are manifestly launched with ulterior motives, such as personal vengeance or defamation.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-key-grounds-for-high-court-intervention\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Grounds_for_High_Court_Intervention\"><\/span>Key Grounds for High Court Intervention<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>No Offence Disclosed:<\/strong> Uncontroverted allegations in the FIR, accepted at face value, fail to establish any offence or construct a viable case.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Non-Cognisable Offence:<\/strong> Allegations reveal only a non-cognisable offence, making a police investigation impermissible without a magistrate&#8217;s order under Section 174 BNSS.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Absurd or Improbable Allegations:<\/strong> Claims are so inherently outlandish that no reasonable person could justify proceeding against the accused.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Express Statutory Bar:<\/strong> Specific provisions in the BNSS or governing law prohibit the initiation or continuation of proceedings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Malicious Prosecution:<\/strong> Criminal proceedings are manifestly launched with ulterior motives, such as personal vengeance or defamation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The procedural framework governing an FIR under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), underscores a fundamental principle of Indian criminal jurisprudence: once criminal law is set in motion, it operates beyond the private will of individual parties or the executive discretion of police officers. Because a cognisable offence is legally recognised as a crime against the State, neither the informant can withdraw an FIR nor can police officers unilaterally cancel it\u2014even if an investigation reveals no wrongdoing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead, the law maintains strict checks and balances through judicial oversight. Constructive cancellation of an FIR can only occur when a jurisdictional magistrate accepts a negative police report (such as an FRT, FRF, FRMF, FRML, or FRNC) under Section 193 BNSS, subject to the informant\u2019s right to file a protest petition. Where an FIR is manifestly malicious, baseless, or legally barred, the High Court holds the inherent power under Section 528 BNSS to quash the proceedings to prevent the abuse of judicial process. Ultimately, these statutory safeguards balance the necessity of thorough law enforcement with the protection of innocent citizens against arbitrary or frivolous prosecution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cancellation of FIR by the Police An officer-in-charge of a police station\u2014or any senior police officer, for that matter\u2014lacks the statutory authority to cancel a First Information Report (FIR). Even if a thorough investigation reveals that no cognisable offence was committed, police officers cannot unilaterally void or cancel an FIR. Investigation and Final Police Report<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[4798],"class_list":["post-29421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-criminal-law","tag-criminal-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>FIR: Procedures for Cancellation, Withdrawal, and Quashing - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Can police cancel an FIR? 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He served in Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, holding the positions of DCP (Special Branch) and DCP (Traffic) for over 4 years. He was posted in the districts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Nadia as Additional SP. At the sub-divisional level, he has worked as SDPOs of Gangarampur, Raghunathpur and Kalna sub-divisions of West Bengal. His tenure as Special IG and subsequently as IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal, for over 4 years, saw him deeply engaged in improving the prison and correctional system. He visited numerous correctional homes across West Bengal, interacting with inmates, both male and female, including children residing with their incarcerated mothers. His outreach extended to correctional homes in Assam, Bihar, and Tripura. This hands-on approach provided him with invaluable insights into the workings of prisons and the complexities of the prisoner psyche. Beyond his operational roles, Md. 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He was posted in the districts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Nadia as Additional SP. At the sub-divisional level, he has worked as SDPOs of Gangarampur, Raghunathpur and Kalna sub-divisions of West Bengal. His tenure as Special IG and subsequently as IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal, for over 4 years, saw him deeply engaged in improving the prison and correctional system. He visited numerous correctional homes across West Bengal, interacting with inmates, both male and female, including children residing with their incarcerated mothers. His outreach extended to correctional homes in Assam, Bihar, and Tripura. This hands-on approach provided him with invaluable insights into the workings of prisons and the complexities of the prisoner psyche. Beyond his operational roles, Md. Imran Wahab possesses a strong academic background, holding B.Sc., M.A., L.L.B., and M.B.A. degrees. He has also completed Post Graduate Diplomas in Human Rights, Project Management, Corporate Management, Computer Application, Public Administration, Medical Law, Disaster Management, Fire Safety &amp; Hazards Management and Psychology. He has attended Indian government sponsored specialized training in police and management matters in SVPNPA, Hyderabad, IIM, Ahmedabad and Singapore. He is the author of the books 'Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters' and 'Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations' demonstrating his commitment to knowledge sharing within the law enforcement field. As an observer for the Election Commission of India, he has gained firsthand experience in conducting assembly elections and bye-elections in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Assam, Bihar, and Tripura (twice). This exposure has given him a deep understanding of election management and the Election Commission's operations. He has also served as Chairman and as a member of various recruitment boards for the selection of police personnel in Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. Md. Imran Wahab's interests extend beyond law enforcement to include law, politics, international affairs, prison management, and business management. He has authored over 1000 articles on these diverse topics, reflecting his intellectual curiosity and desire to contribute to public discourse. He is also a research scholar in law and has contributed articles to the Indian Police Journal, National Crime Record Bureau Journal, SVP National Police Academy Journal, and International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research etc. Currently, he serves as IGP, Provisioning, West Bengal.","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/author\/md-imranwahab\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29421","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/49"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29421"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29421\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29654,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29421\/revisions\/29654"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}