{"id":29824,"date":"2026-08-11T08:19:26","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T08:19:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=29824"},"modified":"2026-08-11T08:21:42","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T08:21:42","slug":"indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Indiamart v. OpenAI: Intellectual Property and Examining the Right to Visibility in the Age of AI Search"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-artificial-intelligence-and-the-changing-way-we-search-for-information\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Artificial_Intelligence_And_The_Changing_Way_We_Search_For_Information\"><\/span>Artificial Intelligence And The Changing Way We Search For Information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The proliferation of artificial intelligence has drastically changed the way we search, process and receive information on the internet. Before this, you typed something in a search engine and used to get a long list of links; then it was your responsibility to find out the right answers by clicking every link and reading every page. But now the time has changed, and people are shifting to AI-powered chatbots such as ChatGPT, which comprehend information and produce responses in a conversational manner.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Artificial_Intelligence_And_The_Changing_Way_We_Search_For_Information\" >Artificial Intelligence And The Changing Way We Search For Information<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#How_AI_Is_Disrupting_Established_Digital_Business_Models\" >How AI Is Disrupting Established Digital Business Models<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#IndiaMART_InterMESH_Ltd_v_OpenAI_Inc_Ors_The_Calcutta_High_Court_Case\" >IndiaMART InterMESH Ltd v. OpenAI Inc. &amp; Ors: The Calcutta High Court Case<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#The_Central_Question_Does_A_Business_Have_A_Right_To_AI_Visibility\" >The Central Question: Does A Business Have A Right To AI Visibility?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Broader_Legal_Issues_Raised_By_India_MART%E2%80%93OpenAI_Dispute\" >Broader Legal Issues Raised By India MART\u2013OpenAI Dispute<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Legal_Identity_of_Generative_AI\" >Legal Identity of Generative AI<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Can_the_Information_Technology_Act_Regulate_AI_Systems\" >Can the Information Technology Act Regulate AI Systems?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Trademark_Law_and_AI_Platforms\" >Trademark Law and AI Platforms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Calcutta_High_Court_Dismisses_IndiaMARTs_Interim_Relief_Application\" >Calcutta High Court Dismisses IndiaMART\u2019s Interim Relief Application<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#What_The_Case_Means_For_AI_Governance_In_India\" >What The Case Means For AI Governance In India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#From_Search_Rankings_To_AI-Mediated_Information\" >From Search Rankings To AI-Mediated Information<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Conclusion_A_New_Legal_Debate_For_The_AI_Era\" >Conclusion: A New Legal Debate For The AI Era<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Background_of_the_Dispute\" >Background of the Dispute<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Issues_Raised_Before_the_Calcutta_High_Court\" >Issues Raised Before the Calcutta High Court<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Launch_of_ChatGPT_Search_and_the_Dispute\" >Launch of ChatGPT Search and the Dispute<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#IndiaMARTs_Allegations_Against_OpenAI\" >IndiaMART\u2019s Allegations Against OpenAI<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#OpenAI_Strikes_Back_There_Is_No_Legal_Right_to_Be_Visible_on_Our_App\" >OpenAI Strikes Back: There Is No Legal Right to Be Visible on Our App<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#OpenAIs_Defence_Why_ChatGPT_Is_an_%E2%80%98Originator_Not_an_Intermediary\" >OpenAI\u2019s Defence: Why ChatGPT Is an \u2018Originator\u2019, Not an Intermediary<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#%E2%80%98Laissez-Faire_and_the_Death_of_the_%E2%80%98Good_Samaritan_Rule\" >\u2018Laissez-Faire\u2019 and the Death of the \u2018Good Samaritan\u2019 Rule<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Economic_Loss_and_the_Absence_of_a_Right_to_Visibility\" >Economic Loss and the Absence of a Right to Visibility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Courts_View_on_Private_Platform_Visibility\" >Court\u2019s View on Private Platform Visibility<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Redefining_the_Internet_Why_ChatGPT_Is_Not_Google\" >Redefining the Internet: Why ChatGPT Is Not Google<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#The_Courts_View_on_ChatGPTs_Legal_Status\" >The Court\u2019s View on ChatGPT\u2019s Legal Status<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#ChatGPT_Versus_Traditional_Search_Engines\" >ChatGPT Versus Traditional Search Engines<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Argument_Why_ChatGPT_May_Be_an_Intermediary\" >Argument: Why ChatGPT May Be an Intermediary<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#No_Violation_of_Any_Legal_Right\" >No Violation of Any Legal Right<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Silence_Is_Not_an_Intellectual_Property_Wrong\" >Silence Is Not an Intellectual Property Wrong<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Mentioning_a_Name_Is_Not_Trademark_Dilution\" >Mentioning a Name Is Not Trademark Dilution<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#The_Courts_Final_Decision\" >The Court\u2019s Final Decision<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Three_Requirements_for_an_Interim_Injunction\" >Three Requirements for an Interim Injunction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Critical_Analysis\" >Critical Analysis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#1_The_Right_to_Visibility_%E2%80%93_A_Novel_Claim_Ahead_of_Its_Time\" >1. The Right to Visibility \u2013 A Novel Claim Ahead of Its Time?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Intermediary_vs_Originator_%E2%80%93_The_Question_Indian_Law_Is_Not_Ready_To_Answer\" >Intermediary vs. Originator \u2013 The Question Indian Law Is Not Ready To Answer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#The_USTR_List_Defence_%E2%80%93_A_Double_Standard\" >The USTR List Defence \u2013 A Double Standard<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Key_Issues_Considered_in_the_Courts_Decision\" >Key Issues Considered in the Court\u2019s Decision<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Legal_Significance_of_the_Judgement\" >Legal Significance of the Judgement<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Trademark_Silence_%E2%80%93_The_Laws_Blind_Spot\" >Trademark Silence \u2013 The Law\u2019s Blind Spot<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#The_Proposed_Digital_India_Act_and_AI_Regulation\" >The Proposed Digital India Act and AI Regulation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Pending_Suit_And_Interim_Relief\" >Pending Suit And Interim Relief<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#References\" >References<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Statutes\" >Statutes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-v-openai-ai-visibility-chatgpt-law-india\/#Cases\" >Cases<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This change is revolutionary, but not without its consequences. This has gradually started to disrupt established business models, has brought up hard questions and exposed gaps in existing regulatory frameworks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-how-ai-is-disrupting-established-digital-business-models\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_AI_Is_Disrupting_Established_Digital_Business_Models\"><\/span>How AI Is Disrupting Established Digital Business Models<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shift from traditional search engines to AI-powered chatbots is changing how information is discovered and consumed online. Instead of visiting multiple websites, users can increasingly obtain a conversational answer from an AI system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This transformation has important consequences for businesses that depend on online visibility, search traffic and digital marketplaces. It also raises difficult legal and regulatory questions about how AI platforms operate and whether businesses can claim a legal right to be visible on such platforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-indiamart-intermesh-ltd-v-openai-inc-amp-ors-the-calcutta-high-court-case\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IndiaMART_InterMESH_Ltd_v_OpenAI_Inc_Ors_The_Calcutta_High_Court_Case\"><\/span>IndiaMART InterMESH Ltd v. OpenAI Inc. &amp; Ors: The Calcutta High Court Case<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within this unfolding context, a case came before the Calcutta High Court, <strong><em>IndiaMART InterMESH Ltd v. OpenAI Inc. &amp; Ors<\/em><\/strong>, wherein the Court gave its order on 20th May, 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This case was a tussle between two powers: the commercial survival of one of India&#8217;s biggest B2B marketplaces on one side and the operational independence of the world\u2019s most influential AI platform on the other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At its centre, the case raised a question that appears simple but is consequential:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Does a business have a legal right to be visible on a private AI platform?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-the-central-question-does-a-business-have-a-right-to-ai-visibility\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Central_Question_Does_A_Business_Have_A_Right_To_AI_Visibility\"><\/span>The Central Question: Does A Business Have A Right To AI Visibility?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The dispute raises an important question for businesses operating in the digital economy. Traditional search engines generally provide users with links to websites based on their search systems and ranking mechanisms. AI-powered platforms, however, can process information and generate conversational responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This difference creates a new legal and commercial issue. If an AI platform does not display, recommend or otherwise surface a particular business, can that business demand visibility as a matter of legal right?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The question becomes especially significant for businesses whose commercial models depend heavily on online discovery and digital traffic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-broader-legal-issues-raised-by-india-mart-openai-dispute\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Broader_Legal_Issues_Raised_By_India_MART%E2%80%93OpenAI_Dispute\"><\/span>Broader Legal Issues Raised By India MART\u2013OpenAI Dispute<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This case is not limited to a battle over search ranking. It goes beyond and touches unsettled questions of our digital age, such as the legal identity of generative AI, whether India\u2019s Information Technology Act can regulate AI systems, the limits of trademark law and what digital commerce means under the Constitution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The major issues raised by the dispute can therefore be understood through the following framework:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Legal and Digital Issue<\/th><th>Key Question<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Generative AI<\/td><td>What is the legal identity and status of a generative AI platform?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Information Technology Law<\/td><td>Can India\u2019s Information Technology Act regulate AI systems?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Trademark Law<\/td><td>What are the limits of trademark protection in AI-generated or AI-mediated responses?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Digital Commerce<\/td><td>What legal principles should govern visibility and commercial participation on AI platforms?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Constitutional Questions<\/td><td>What does the growth of AI-powered digital commerce mean under the Constitution?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-legal-identity-of-generative-ai\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Identity_of_Generative_AI\"><\/span>Legal Identity of Generative AI<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The case raises unsettled questions about the legal identity of generative AI. AI platforms are increasingly becoming intermediaries between users and information available on the internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This development creates a need to examine how existing legal concepts apply to technologies that do not operate in exactly the same manner as conventional search engines, publishers or marketplaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-can-the-information-technology-act-regulate-ai-systems\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_the_Information_Technology_Act_Regulate_AI_Systems\"><\/span>Can the Information Technology Act Regulate AI Systems?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another important issue concerns whether India\u2019s Information Technology Act can regulate AI systems operating in the rapidly evolving digital environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The development of generative AI has created technologies and business models that were not contemplated in the same form when many existing legal frameworks were developed. The dispute therefore highlights the continuing challenge of applying established technology laws to emerging AI systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-trademark-law-and-ai-platforms\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Trademark_Law_and_AI_Platforms\"><\/span>Trademark Law and AI Platforms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The case also touches upon the limits of trademark law in the context of AI-powered platforms. As users increasingly rely on AI-generated responses to discover businesses, products and services, questions may arise regarding how trademarks are displayed, referenced or interpreted within AI-generated information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These issues demonstrate that the interaction between trademark law and generative AI is likely to become increasingly important in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-calcutta-high-court-dismisses-indiamart-s-interim-relief-application\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Calcutta_High_Court_Dismisses_IndiaMARTs_Interim_Relief_Application\"><\/span>Calcutta High Court Dismisses IndiaMART\u2019s Interim Relief Application<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The order of the Calcutta High Court, in which it dismissed IndiaMART\u2019s application for interim relief, is thought provoking and will shape the conversations around AI governance in India ahead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The decision is significant because it places the commercial interests of a major digital business against the operational independence of a private AI platform. It also brings into focus the broader legal consequences of AI-driven information access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-the-case-means-for-ai-governance-in-india\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_The_Case_Means_For_AI_Governance_In_India\"><\/span>What The Case Means For AI Governance In India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The IndiaMART\u2013OpenAI dispute illustrates how rapidly AI is changing the relationship between businesses, users and digital platforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As AI-powered systems increasingly influence how people discover information, products and services, courts may face more disputes involving:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>AI-generated information and recommendations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Business visibility on private AI platforms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Digital competition and commercial interests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trademark protection in AI-generated responses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The application of existing technology laws to generative AI.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The constitutional dimensions of digital commerce.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The order therefore represents more than a dispute over online visibility. It reflects a larger transition from traditional search-based internet access to AI-mediated information discovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-from-search-rankings-to-ai-mediated-information\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_Search_Rankings_To_AI-Mediated_Information\"><\/span>From Search Rankings To AI-Mediated Information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Traditional search placed considerable responsibility on users to evaluate different websites and determine which information was reliable and relevant. Generative AI changes that interaction by presenting information in a conversational format.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This shift may fundamentally affect how businesses build their digital presence. Visibility may increasingly depend not only on traditional search rankings but also on how AI systems interpret, process and present information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion-a-new-legal-debate-for-the-ai-era\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion_A_New_Legal_Debate_For_The_AI_Era\"><\/span>Conclusion: A New Legal Debate For The AI Era<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The proliferation of artificial intelligence has created a new digital environment in which traditional concepts of search, visibility, competition and information access are being tested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong><em>IndiaMART InterMESH Ltd v. OpenAI Inc. &amp; Ors<\/em><\/strong> dispute before the Calcutta High Court provides an important context for examining these emerging questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At its core, the case asks whether a business can claim a legal entitlement to visibility on a private AI platform. But the implications extend much further. The dispute brings generative AI, information technology law, trademark law, digital commerce and constitutional principles into the same legal conversation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As AI becomes increasingly central to the way people search for and receive information, these questions are likely to become more significant. The IndiaMART\u2013OpenAI dispute therefore forms part of a broader and still evolving debate about the future of AI governance in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-background-of-the-dispute\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Background_of_the_Dispute\"><\/span>Background of the Dispute<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The present case is an application for interim relief that was filed by IndiaMART InterMESH Ltd before the Calcutta High Court. IndiaMART InterMESH Ltd. is one of India\u2019s largest business-to-business (B2B) online marketplaces, and it filed a suit seeking protection of its Intellectual Property rights. The company operates as an online platform which connects different buyers and sellers across industries. The company has a number of registered trademarks, and to attract users and to facilitate commercial transactions, it heavily depends on visibility on the internet through search engines and digital intermediaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the other hand, there is OpenAI, a technology company founded in 2015 with an ambitious global goal of developing highly autonomous Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) to benefit society. The case involves ChatGPT, an AI-powered chatbot of OpenAI that provides information to users through conversational responses generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). This growing influence of AI-driven platforms raises important questions about the relationship between artificial intelligence, online visibility and intellectual property rights in the digital era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-issues-raised-before-the-calcutta-high-court\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Issues_Raised_Before_the_Calcutta_High_Court\"><\/span>Issues Raised Before the Calcutta High Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The following key legal issues were placed before the Calcutta High Court:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Does a business have a &#8216;right to visibility\u2019 on a private AI platform?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is ChatGPT an \u2018Intermediary\u2019 or an \u2018Originator\u2019 under the IT Act, 2000?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does OpenAI\u2019s Exclusion of IndiaMART violate constitutional rights?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does OpenAI\u2019s Conduct Amount to Trademark Infringement or Dilution?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Is OpenAI\u2019s Reliance on the USTR Notorious Markets List a Valid Legal Defence?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whether IndiaMART satisfied the three tests for interim injunction?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-launch-of-chatgpt-search-and-the-dispute\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Launch_of_ChatGPT_Search_and_the_Dispute\"><\/span>Launch of ChatGPT Search and the Dispute<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OpenAI launched ChatGPT in October 2024, a search feature that provides users answers with the links of its related websites. Instead of merely generating responses, ChatGPT search can direct users to online sources based on their queries. OpenAI also incorporated various safeguards, known as \u201cguardrails\u201d, to prevent the platform from promoting illegal activities, counterfeit products, or harmful content. These safeguards help to ensure that the information provided by ChatGPT remains safe and reliable for users.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-indiamart-s-allegations-against-openai\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IndiaMARTs_Allegations_Against_OpenAI\"><\/span>IndiaMART\u2019s Allegations Against OpenAI<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IndiaMART clarified that it has no problem with how ChatGPT collects or processes data however, its grievance was that ChatGPT allegedly excluded IndiaMART from its search results. As per IndiaMART, when users specifically search for products available on IndiaMART, ChatGPT most of the time directs links to individual sellers or suppliers instead of directing to the IndiaMART platform, and on the other side, it provides direct platform links to similar online marketplaces. IndiaMART argued this practice reduced traffic to its website, affected its business, diluted its trademark and amounted to unfair treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When IndiaMART sought answers, OpenAI admitted that they suppressed the platform because it appeared in <strong>the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) Notorious Markets List.<\/strong> IndiaMART strongly responded to this defence, labelling the USTR list a legally non-binding foreign document and exposing the double standard of ChatGPT openly featuring global competitors like DHGate, Pinduoduo, Shopee and Taobao despite their being on the exact same American blacklist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The legal battle heats up when IndiaMART accuses ChatGPT of violating the Information Technology Act, 2000, and its 2021 IT Rules. IndiaMART contended that ChatGPT is an Intermediary under Section 79, as it functions like a search engine, and selectivity is strictly prohibited as it is discrimination against any business. They also assert that everyday internet users have a fundamental \u2018right to know\u2019 that IndiaMART exists. Thus, deliberately wiping their platform from search results is violating core constitutional guarantees, including the right to equality and freedom of trade under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India. To support its arguments, it referred to <em>the Neptune Assurance Co. Ltd. v. UOI<\/em>, <em>Press Trust India v. UOI<\/em> and <em>Neetu Singh v. Telegram Fz LLC<\/em> cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-openai-strikes-back-there-is-no-legal-right-to-be-visible-on-our-app\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"OpenAI_Strikes_Back_There_Is_No_Legal_Right_to_Be_Visible_on_Our_App\"><\/span>OpenAI Strikes Back: There Is No Legal Right to Be Visible on Our App<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OpenAI argued that the claim of IndiaMART was basically based on \u2018right to visibility\u2019, which is not recognised under any law or constitution. According to OpenAI, the non-appearance of links to IndiaMART in responses of ChatGPT does not constitute any legal injury. OpenAI also contended before the court that forcing a private AI app to promote specific commercial links would open massive litigation floodgates, completely disrupting how ChatGPT operates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-openai-s-defence-why-chatgpt-is-an-originator-not-an-intermediary\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"OpenAIs_Defence_Why_ChatGPT_Is_an_%E2%80%98Originator_Not_an_Intermediary\"><\/span>OpenAI\u2019s Defence: Why ChatGPT Is an \u2018Originator\u2019, Not an Intermediary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OpenAI further contended that ChatGPT is not an \u201cintermediary\u201d under the Information Technology Act, 2000 and therefore obligations applicable to intermediaries under IT Rules, 2021 are not binding on it. Instead, it argued that ChatGPT is an \u201coriginator\u201d under section 2(1) (za) of the IT Act, because it generates its own responses rather than merely transmitting third-party information. OpenAI also maintained that IndiaMART had failed to establish any claim for trademark infringement, copyright infringement, disparagement, trade libel or injurious falsehood. They also argued to the court that granting of an injunction would completely disrupt OpenAI\u2019s software architecture, relying on the key tech precedents like <em>Google LLC v. DRS Logistics<\/em> to prove their point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-laissez-faire-and-the-death-of-the-good-samaritan-rule\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%98Laissez-Faire_and_the_Death_of_the_%E2%80%98Good_Samaritan_Rule\"><\/span>\u2018Laissez-Faire\u2019 and the Death of the \u2018Good Samaritan\u2019 Rule<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OpenAI strongly emphasised that every private business has the freedom to operate its business and operations subject to reasonable legal restrictions. It argued that no law forces a private entity to operate as per the whims and fancies of a third party or to promote another business on its platform. By relying on principles of the free market economy, OpenAI contended that forcing a platform to display specific links would interfere with business autonomy and innovation. The court, turning to classic tort law, reminds us that the law does not recognise a \u201cGood Samaritan\u201d obligation in commerce. In the absence of a signed contract, an explicit statute or a constitutional mandate, no private entity has an affirmative duty to protect or promote the financial interests of its competitors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-economic-loss-and-the-absence-of-a-right-to-visibility\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Economic_Loss_and_the_Absence_of_a_Right_to_Visibility\"><\/span>Economic Loss and the Absence of a Right to Visibility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OpenAI argued that the loss claimed by IndiaMART was merely an economic loss, meaning a reduction in user traffic that could potentially affect its profits. According to OpenAI, the real grievance was not that it was completely absent from ChatGPT, but that it was not displayed in the manner preferred by IndiaMART. OpenAI contended that no business has a legal right to demand promotion or preferential visibility on another private platform. The court captured the entire dispute in two lines:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c<em>Is IndiaMART reflected and displayed on ChatGPT? Yes. Is IndiaMART reflected and displayed in a manner in which it would like to be reflected and displayed on ChatGPT? <\/em>NO.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-court-s-view-on-private-platform-visibility\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Courts_View_on_Private_Platform_Visibility\"><\/span>Court\u2019s View on Private Platform Visibility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court firmly ruled that no business has a legal right to have its platform promoted by a private competitor. If IndiaMART is unhappy with ChatGPT, it should innovate and build its own competing AI mechanism: \u201cOf the petitioner, By the petitioner and for the petitioner.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-redefining-the-internet-why-chatgpt-is-not-google\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Redefining_the_Internet_Why_ChatGPT_Is_Not_Google\"><\/span>Redefining the Internet: Why ChatGPT Is Not Google<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court also noted that the significance of generative AI is growing day by day and differs from traditional search engines and intermediaries. Unlike Google, which merely hosts or transmits information, generative AI systems use advanced algorithms and probabilistic models to create responses. This development raised important legal questions concerning freedom of speech, business autonomy, platform governance and intellectual property rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court held that OpenAI\u2019s reliance on the USTR Notorious Markets List was a matter of its internal business policy and could not be challenged in these proceedings. As we know, the USTR was not a party to the case, and the list is not legally binding in India; the court found no valid ground to interfere with OpenAI\u2019s decision and rejected IndiaMART\u2019s objection on this issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-the-court-s-view-on-chatgpt-s-legal-status\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Courts_View_on_ChatGPTs_Legal_Status\"><\/span>The Court\u2019s View on ChatGPT\u2019s Legal Status<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court observed that determining whether ChatGPT is an intermediary or an originator under the IT Act, 2000, is a complex question that can\u2019t be conclusively decided at the interim stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the IT Act was enacted long before the emergence of generative AI, its provisions fall short when it comes to addressing modern AI systems. The court noted that this issue would require detailed technical and expert evidence at the final hearing and may ultimately require legislative intervention to specifically regulate the AI platform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-chatgpt-versus-traditional-search-engines\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ChatGPT_Versus_Traditional_Search_Engines\"><\/span>ChatGPT Versus Traditional Search Engines<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While traditional search engines merely locate and display existing information available, ChatGPT generates new and synthesised responses using Large Language Models (LLMs).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It can create poems, research material, code and other forms of content, making it more than a passive conduit of information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this reason, the court prima facie observed that ChatGPT appears closer to an <strong>originator<\/strong> than an <strong>intermediary,<\/strong> as it actively creates content rather than simply transmitting information created by others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-argument-why-chatgpt-may-be-an-intermediary\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Argument_Why_ChatGPT_May_Be_an_Intermediary\"><\/span>Argument: Why ChatGPT May Be an Intermediary<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The strong counter-argument also came up, which was acknowledged by the court. That the responses of ChatGPT are generated only after a user provides a prompt, meaning the user supplies the intent while the platform merely executes it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From this perspective, the user could be viewed as the originator and ChatGPT as an intermediary providing the technological resource.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even after considering this, the court prima facie leaned towards treating ChatGPT as an originator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-no-violation-of-any-legal-right\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"No_Violation_of_Any_Legal_Right\"><\/span>No Violation of Any Legal Right<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court held that even if ChatGPT were assumed to be an intermediary, IndiaMART still had failed to demonstrate the violation of any legal or statutory right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mere non-compliance with the IT Rules would not automatically entitle IndiaMART to get relief unless it could establish the infringement of an independent substantive legal right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court found no evidence of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Trademark infringement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Copyright infringement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Disparagement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Any other actionable wrong<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-silence-is-not-an-intellectual-property-wrong\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Silence_Is_Not_an_Intellectual_Property_Wrong\"><\/span>Silence Is Not an Intellectual Property Wrong<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court held that there is absolutely no intellectual property dispute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a case to qualify as trademark infringement, deception or trade libel, there must be an active publication that confuses the public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this case, ChatGPT is simply remaining silent by omitting links. Silence by itself does not give you the right to sue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-mentioning-a-name-is-not-trademark-dilution\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mentioning_a_Name_Is_Not_Trademark_Dilution\"><\/span>Mentioning a Name Is Not Trademark Dilution<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court clarified that under section 29(4) of the Trademarks Act, trademark dilution requires a competitor to actively use your mark in the course of trade to take unfair advantage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ChatGPT merely uses the word \u201cIndiaMART\u201d as a reference to identify the company; it is not trademark dilution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-the-court-s-final-decision\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Courts_Final_Decision\"><\/span>The Court\u2019s Final Decision<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court ultimately dismissed the application of IndiaMART for interim relief. It held that even if OpenAI had violated the IT Rules, such a violation would only affect the availability of safe harbour protection under section 79 of the IT Act and would not, by itself, create a cause of action. IndiaMART was still required to prove the infringement of a separate legal right, which it failed to do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Applying the principles governing the grant of temporary injunctions under Order XXXIX [Rules 1 and 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908], the court held that IndiaMART had failed to establish a prima facie case in its favour. The court further found that the balance of convenience weighed in favour of OpenAI, as directing ChatGPT to display IndiaMART\u2019s links in a particular manner would interfere with the platform\u2019s functioning and require continuous judicial supervision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court also held that IndiaMART had failed to demonstrate any <strong>irreparable injury,<\/strong> as the alleged loss suffered was essentially economic in nature and related to reduced user traffic and potential loss of profits. Such losses, if ultimately proved, could be quantified and compensated through appropriate damages and legal remedies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Accordingly, finding that all three requirements for the grant of an interim injunction, prima facie case, balance of convenience and irreparable injury, were absent. Therefore, the court dismissed the application for interim relief and directed the parties to proceed with the trial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-three-requirements-for-an-interim-injunction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Three_Requirements_for_an_Interim_Injunction\"><\/span>Three Requirements for an Interim Injunction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prima facie case<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Balance of convenience<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Irreparable injury<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court found that all three requirements were absent in IndiaMART\u2019s application for interim relief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-critical-analysis\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Critical_Analysis\"><\/span>Critical Analysis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-1-the-right-to-visibility-a-novel-claim-ahead-of-its-time\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_The_Right_to_Visibility_%E2%80%93_A_Novel_Claim_Ahead_of_Its_Time\"><\/span>1. The Right to Visibility \u2013 A Novel Claim Ahead of Its Time?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The rejection by the court of IndiaMART\u2019s claim for visibility is legally sound. Given the current state of Indian law, no statute, contract, or constitutional provision explicitly guarantees a business the right to appear on a private platform in a preferred manner. Nevertheless, this conclusion is correct today but may not remain satisfactory for long.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As AI platforms like ChatGPT are becoming a main way people find information, algorithmic visibility now carries crucial weight for businesses. If a dominant AI platform can exclude a company from its responses without transparency or recourse, smaller businesses may suffer significant harm. The suggestion of the Court that IndiaMART could build its own AI overlooks the substantial technological and financial barriers involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-intermediary-vs-originator-the-question-indian-law-is-not-ready-to-answer\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Intermediary_vs_Originator_%E2%80%93_The_Question_Indian_Law_Is_Not_Ready_To_Answer\"><\/span>Intermediary vs. Originator \u2013 The Question Indian Law Is Not Ready To Answer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps the most intellectually significant aspect of this judgement is the court\u2019s honest admission that the IT Act, 2000, was simply not designed to deal with generative AI. The binary framework of intermediary versus originator is inadequate when applied to a system like ChatGPT, which neither purely transmits third-party content nor purely creates original content; it does something entirely new. It synthesises, interprets and generates responses based on patterns learned from vast datasets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court\u2019s prima facie leaning towards treating ChatGPT as an originator is understandable but carries serious implications. If AI platforms are classified as originator, they escape the due diligence and non-discrimination obligations imposed on intermediaries, creating a regulatory vacuum where AI systems operate with virtually no accountability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-the-ustr-list-defence-a-double-standard\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_USTR_List_Defence_%E2%80%93_A_Double_Standard\"><\/span>The USTR List Defence \u2013 A Double Standard<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IndiaMART argued that OpenAI excluded it for appearing in the USTR Notorious Markets List, while continuing to provide links to other listed platforms such as DHGate, Pinduoduo, Shopee and Taobao. Although the court held that the USTR list is not legally binding in India, it did not fully address this apparent inconsistency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-key-issues-considered-in-the-court-s-decision\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Issues_Considered_in_the_Courts_Decision\"><\/span>Key Issues Considered in the Court\u2019s Decision<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Legal Issue<\/th><th>Court\u2019s Finding<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Violation of IT Rules<\/td><td>Would affect safe harbour protection but would not, by itself, create a cause of action.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Separate Legal Right<\/td><td>IndiaMART was required to prove infringement of a separate legal right.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Prima Facie Case<\/td><td>IndiaMART failed to establish a prima facie case.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Balance of Convenience<\/td><td>The balance of convenience favoured OpenAI.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Irreparable Injury<\/td><td>The alleged economic loss could be quantified and compensated through damages and other legal remedies.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>USTR Notorious Markets List<\/td><td>The list was not legally binding in India.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Generative AI Classification<\/td><td>The judgement raises the question of whether ChatGPT should be treated as an intermediary or an originator.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-legal-significance-of-the-judgement\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Significance_of_the_Judgement\"><\/span>Legal Significance of the Judgement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court\u2019s decision raises important questions about the application of existing Indian technology law to generative AI platforms. It also highlights the emerging legal debate surrounding algorithmic visibility, platform accountability, intermediary status, and the ability of businesses to seek judicial protection against AI-generated exclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The judgement therefore has significance beyond the immediate dispute between IndiaMART and OpenAI. It brings into focus the difficult question of how Indian law should regulate generative AI platforms whose functions do not fit neatly within the traditional intermediary framework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-trademark-silence-the-law-s-blind-spot\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Trademark_Silence_%E2%80%93_The_Laws_Blind_Spot\"><\/span>Trademark Silence \u2013 The Law\u2019s Blind Spot<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The court\u2019s ruling that \u201csilence does not amount to trademark infringement\u201d is legally accurate under the existing framework. However, it reveals a critical blind spot in Indian trademark law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Traditional trademark law was designed to address active misuse, such as unauthorised use, imitation, or false association. It was not intended to deal with a scenario where a dominant platform&#8217;s deliberate omission of a business from its responses could cause commercial harm equivalent to active infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As AI-driven platforms gain dominance, the law must evolve to recognise that, in the digital economy, visibility and silence can have significant commercial consequences. Legislative reform extending trademark protection to cover algorithmic exclusion may become necessary in the near future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The order in <em>IndiaMART v. OpenAI<\/em> is significant not merely for what it decides, but for what it leaves open. The Calcutta High Court has correctly applied existing law to dismiss a claim that lacked a clear legal foundation. In doing so, however, it has exposed the significant legal vacuum that currently surrounds artificial intelligence in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The case makes one thing unmistakably clear: India\u2019s legal framework is not yet equipped to govern the age of generative AI. The IT Act, 2000, the Trade Marks Act, 1999, and even constitutional jurisprudence were built for a different technological era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As AI platforms increasingly function as gatekeepers of digital commerce, information and visibility, the absence of clear regulatory standards is not just a legal inconvenience but also a systemic risk to businesses, consumers and the broader digital economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-the-proposed-digital-india-act-and-ai-regulation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Proposed_Digital_India_Act_and_AI_Regulation\"><\/span>The Proposed Digital India Act and AI Regulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The proposed Digital India Act, expected to replace the Information Technology Act, 2000, offers an opportunity for the legislature to address these emerging challenges by defining the legal status of AI platforms, introducing appropriate transparency and accountability and developing a framework suited to the realities of the AI era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until then, cases like this will continue to arrive at the courthouse doors, and the courts will continue to answer 21st-century questions with 20th-century tools and frameworks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-pending-suit-and-interim-relief\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pending_Suit_And_Interim_Relief\"><\/span>Pending Suit And Interim Relief<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is important to note that the Calcutta High Court has only declined to grant interim relief, while the underlying suit, IP-COM\/57\/2025, remains pending.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The substantive rights and liabilities of the parties have yet to be finally adjudicated. The court\u2019s eventual decision may provide greater clarity on the legal status, responsibilities, and regulatory obligations of AI platforms under Indian law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until then, <em>IndiaMART v. OpenAI<\/em> remains a significant interim development in India\u2019s emerging AI jurisprudence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-references\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-statutes\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statutes\"><\/span>Statutes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Information Technology Act, 2000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trade Marks Act, 1999.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-cases\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cases\"><\/span>Cases<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>IndiaMART InterMESH Ltd. v. OpenAI Inc. &amp; Ors.<\/em>, 2026 SCC OnLine Cal 5738.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Neptune Assurance Co. Ltd. v. Union of India<\/em>, (1973) 1 SCC 310.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Press Trust of India v. Union of India<\/em>, (1974) 4 SCC 638.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Neetu Singh v. Telegram FZ LLC<\/em>, 2022 SCC OnLine Del 2637.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Google LLC v. DRS Logistics (P) Ltd.<\/em>, (2023) 4 HCC (Del) 515.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/can-chatgpt-be-forced-to-display-website-links\/\">Can ChatGPT Be Forced to Display Website Links?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/indiamart-vs-puma-trademark-infringement-intermediary-liability\/\">Inclusion of Registered Marks in Drop-Down Menus: A Non-Infringing Act<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/delhi-high-court-ani-vs-openai-chatgpt-copyright-fair-dealing-judgment\/\">Delhi High Court Rules AI Training on Copyrighted Content Is Fair Dealing: ANI vs OpenAI ChatGPT Judgement Explained<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/delhi-high-court-trademark-jurisdiction-website-indiamart-justdial\/\">Delhi High Court On Trademark Jurisdiction: Website, India MART &amp; Justdial Listings Enough To Confer Delhi Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-illusion-of-safety-how-googles-gemini-and-openais-chatgpt-enable-non-consensual-digital-undressing\/\">The Illusion of Safety: How Google\u2019s Gemini and OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT Enable Non-Consensual Digital Undressing<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Artificial Intelligence And The Changing Way We Search For Information The proliferation of artificial intelligence has drastically changed the way we search, process and receive information on the internet. Before this, you typed something in a search engine and used to get a long list of links; then it was your responsibility to find out<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1745,"featured_media":29871,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[9211],"tags":[5149,28],"class_list":["post-29824","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-intellectual-property-2","tag-intellectual-property","tag-top-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Indiamart v. 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