{"id":30017,"date":"2026-08-14T11:22:38","date_gmt":"2026-08-14T11:22:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=30017"},"modified":"2026-08-14T11:26:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-14T11:26:38","slug":"historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Historical Evolution: The Rise and Development of Forensic Science in India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-1-introduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Introduction\"><\/span>1. Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The use of science in crime investigation and the administration of justice has a long history in India. Although modern forensic science developed only in recent centuries, ancient Indians used scientific methods for detecting crime and identifying individuals. References to such practices can be found in <strong>Kautilya&#8217;s Arthashastra<\/strong>, written about 2300 years ago.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#1_Introduction\" >1. Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#2_Early_Development_of_Forensic_Institutions\" >2. Early Development of Forensic Institutions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#21_Chemical_Examiners_Laboratories\" >2.1. Chemical Examiners&#8217; Laboratories<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#22_Anthropometric_Bureau_1892\" >2.2. Anthropometric Bureau (1892)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#3_Development_of_Fingerprint_Science\" >3. Development of Fingerprint Science<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#31_William_Herschels_Contribution\" >3.1. William Herschel&#8217;s Contribution<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#32_Henry_System_of_Fingerprint_Classification\" >3.2. Henry System of Fingerprint Classification<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#Khan_Bahadur_Azizul_Huq\" >Khan Bahadur Azizul Huq<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#Rai_Bahadur_Hem_Chandra_Bose\" >Rai Bahadur Hem Chandra Bose<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#33_First_Fingerprint_Bureau_in_the_World\" >3.3. First Fingerprint Bureau in the World<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#34_Department_of_Explosives_1898\" >3.4. Department of Explosives (1898)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#35_Government_Examiner_of_Questioned_Documents_GEQD\" >3.5. Government Examiner of Questioned Documents (GEQD)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#Key_Developments\" >Key Developments<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#36_Serology_Department_1910\" >3.6. Serology Department (1910)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#37_Footprint_Section_1915\" >3.7. Footprint Section (1915)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#38_Note_Forgery_Section_1917\" >3.8. Note Forgery Section (1917)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#39_Ballistics_Laboratory_1930\" >3.9. Ballistics Laboratory (1930)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#310_Scientific_Sections_in_CID_1936\" >3.10. Scientific Sections in CID (1936)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#311_First_State_Forensic_Science_Laboratory_1952\" >3.11. First State Forensic Science Laboratory (1952)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#312_Central_Finger_Print_Bureau_CFPB\" >3.12. Central Finger Print Bureau (CFPB)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#313_Central_Detective_Training_Schools_CDTS\" >3.13. Central Detective Training Schools (CDTS)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#314_Central_Forensic_Science_Laboratories_CFSLs\" >3.14. Central Forensic Science Laboratories (CFSLs)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#315_Central_Forensic_Institute_CFI\" >3.15. Central Forensic Institute (CFI)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#4_Advisory_Committees_and_Professional_Development\" >4. Advisory Committees and Professional Development<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#41_Central_Advisory_Committees_1959\" >4.1. Central Advisory Committees (1959)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#42_Indian_Academy_of_Forensic_Sciences_1960\" >4.2. Indian Academy of Forensic Sciences (1960)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#43_Forensic_Science_Education_in_India\" >4.3. Forensic Science Education in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#44_Institute_of_Criminology_and_Forensic_Science_ICFS\" >4.4. Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (ICFS)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#5_Creation_of_Forensic_Science_Division_BPR_D\" >5. Creation of Forensic Science Division (BPR&amp;D)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#6_Modernization_of_Forensic_Laboratories\" >6. Modernization of Forensic Laboratories<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#61_New_Role_of_CFSLs_1997%E2%80%931998\" >6.1. New Role of CFSLs (1997\u20131998)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#62_DNA_Typing_Laboratory_1998\" >6.2. DNA Typing Laboratory (1998)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/#7_Conclusion\" >7. Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ancient Indians were familiar with the uniqueness of fingerprints and palm impressions. These were often used as signatures, particularly by illiterate people. Long before fingerprint science was formally established, Indians recognized that no two handprints were exactly alike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over time, forensic science in India evolved from simple identification techniques to sophisticated scientific laboratories equipped with modern technologies such as DNA profiling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India was among the earliest nations to adopt fingerprinting systematically. Sir William Herschel first used fingerprints in 1858 in the Hooghly district. The Bengal Police established the world&#8217;s first Fingerprint Bureau in 1897 under Sir Edward Henry, with major contributions from Indian experts Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the earliest reported appellate decisions on fingerprint evidence in India is <em>Emperor v. Sahdeo<\/em> <em>(1904)<\/em>, where the Nagpur Judicial Commissioner&#8217;s Court admitted and evaluated fingerprint analysis under Section 45 of the erstwhile Indian Evidence Act, 1872, marking a foundational judicial recognition of forensic dactyloscopy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-2-early-development-of-forensic-institutions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Early_Development_of_Forensic_Institutions\"><\/span>2. Early Development of Forensic Institutions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-1-chemical-examiners-laboratories\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"21_Chemical_Examiners_Laboratories\"><\/span>2.1. Chemical Examiners&#8217; Laboratories<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first major forensic laboratory in India was established in <strong>Madras (1849)<\/strong> to investigate deaths caused by poisoning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Later laboratories were established at:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Calcutta (1853)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Agra (1864)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bombay (1870)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These laboratories conducted:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Toxicological examination of poisons<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood and semen stain analysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Food and drug analysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examination of excisable materials<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They provided scientific assistance to law enforcement agencies and courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-2-anthropometric-bureau-1892\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"22_Anthropometric_Bureau_1892\"><\/span>2.2. Anthropometric Bureau (1892)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before scientific identification methods became available, criminals were identified mainly through memory and physical descriptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the development of <strong>Bertillon&#8217;s Anthropometric System<\/strong> in 1878, India established an <strong>Anthropometric Bureau in Calcutta in 1892<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This system recorded:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Height<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Head measurements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arm length<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other body dimensions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">for identifying habitual criminals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-3-development-of-fingerprint-science\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Development_of_Fingerprint_Science\"><\/span>3. Development of Fingerprint Science<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-1-william-herschel-s-contribution\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"31_William_Herschels_Contribution\"><\/span>3.1. William Herschel&#8217;s Contribution<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sir <strong>William Herschel<\/strong>, Collector of Hooghly District in Bengal, discovered that fingerprint patterns remain unchanged throughout a person&#8217;s life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He first used thumb impressions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>On contracts with local contractors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For identifying prisoners<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His work laid the foundation of fingerprint identification in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-2-henry-system-of-fingerprint-classification\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"32_Henry_System_of_Fingerprint_Classification\"><\/span>3.2. Henry System of Fingerprint Classification<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1891, <strong>Sir Edward Richard Henry<\/strong>, Inspector General of Police in Bengal, introduced fingerprints into criminal records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two Indian officers made significant contributions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-khan-bahadur-azizul-huq\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Khan_Bahadur_Azizul_Huq\"><\/span>Khan Bahadur Azizul Huq<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Developed the mathematical formula used for fingerprint classification.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helped organize fingerprint records into 1024 categories.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-rai-bahadur-hem-chandra-bose\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rai_Bahadur_Hem_Chandra_Bose\"><\/span>Rai Bahadur Hem Chandra Bose<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Developed fingerprint sub-classification methods.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Created a telegraphic code for fingerprints.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Developed a single-digit classification system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-3-first-fingerprint-bureau-in-the-world\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"33_First_Fingerprint_Bureau_in_the_World\"><\/span>3.3. First Fingerprint Bureau in the World<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recognizing the superiority of fingerprints over anthropometry, the government approved their use for criminal identification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result, the <strong>world&#8217;s first fingerprint bureau was established in Calcutta in July 1897<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India thus became the pioneer in fingerprint-based personal identification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-4-department-of-explosives-1898\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"34_Department_of_Explosives_1898\"><\/span>3.4. Department of Explosives (1898)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The increasing use of explosives in crimes and accidents led to the establishment of the <strong>Department of Explosives<\/strong> in 1898.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its headquarters were located at Nagpur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The department:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Investigated causes of explosions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examined explosive materials<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assisted police investigations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Helped formulate laws under the Explosives and Petroleum Acts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-5-government-examiner-of-questioned-documents-geqd\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"35_Government_Examiner_of_Questioned_Documents_GEQD\"><\/span>3.5. Government Examiner of Questioned Documents (GEQD)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1904, the British government created the post of <strong>Government Handwriting Expert<\/strong> to identify writings on secret documents linked to the Indian freedom movement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-key-developments\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Developments\"><\/span>Key Developments<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C.R. Hardless became the first handwriting expert.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The office shifted to Shimla in 1906.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It later became known as the <strong>Government Examiner of Questioned Documents (GEQD).<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its functions expanded to include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Handwriting examination<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signature verification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Detection of forged documents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examination of invisible writing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The office served both criminal and civil courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-6-serology-department-1910\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"36_Serology_Department_1910\"><\/span>3.6. Serology Department (1910)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The development of blood analysis led to the establishment of the <strong>Serology Department in Calcutta in 1910<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The head was designated as the <strong>Imperial Serologist to the Government of India.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The department examined:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Blood stains<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Semen stains<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other biological materials<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After independence, it became the <strong>Office of the Serologist and Chemical Examiner to the Government of India.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-7-footprint-section-1915\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"37_Footprint_Section_1915\"><\/span>3.7. Footprint Section (1915)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>Footprint Section<\/strong> was established under the Bengal CID in 1915.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This unit helped identify criminals through footprints found at crime scenes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Footprint examination became an important tool in criminal investigations, especially before the development of advanced forensic technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-8-note-forgery-section-1917\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"38_Note_Forgery_Section_1917\"><\/span>3.8. Note Forgery Section (1917)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To combat counterfeit currency, the Bengal CID established a <strong>Note Forgery Section in 1917<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It examined:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Forged currency notes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Counterfeit documents<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other government departments also established laboratories for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Narcotics analysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liquor analysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Testing precious metals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Security printing verification<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-9-ballistics-laboratory-1930\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"39_Ballistics_Laboratory_1930\"><\/span>3.9. Ballistics Laboratory (1930)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the increasing use of firearms in crimes, a small <strong>ballistics laboratory<\/strong> was established under Calcutta Police in 1930.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The laboratory examined:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Firearms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bullets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cartridge cases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ammunition<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Later, similar laboratories were established across various states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-10-scientific-sections-in-cid-1936\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"310_Scientific_Sections_in_CID_1936\"><\/span>3.10. Scientific Sections in CID (1936)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1936, Bengal CID established a Scientific Section to examine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Firearms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bullets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cartridge cases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fingerprints<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Footprints<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Questioned documents<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This marked the beginning of multidisciplinary scientific crime investigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-11-first-state-forensic-science-laboratory-1952\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"311_First_State_Forensic_Science_Laboratory_1952\"><\/span>3.11. First State Forensic Science Laboratory (1952)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">India&#8217;s first <strong>State Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL)<\/strong> was established in <strong>Calcutta in 1952<\/strong> and became fully operational in 1953.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additional units were gradually added:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Physics Section<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Footprint Section<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Note Forgery Section<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chemistry Section<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This became India&#8217;s first multidisciplinary forensic science laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-12-central-finger-print-bureau-cfpb\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"312_Central_Finger_Print_Bureau_CFPB\"><\/span>3.12. Central Finger Print Bureau (CFPB)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>Central Finger Print Bureau<\/strong> was first established in 1905 at Shimla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although temporarily abolished in 1922, it was revived in 1955.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Later it functioned under:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Intelligence Bureau (IB)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its primary role was to coordinate fingerprint records and track interstate criminals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-13-central-detective-training-schools-cdts\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"313_Central_Detective_Training_Schools_CDTS\"><\/span>3.13. Central Detective Training Schools (CDTS)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first <strong>Central Detective Training School (CDTS)<\/strong> was established in Calcutta in 1956.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Later schools were established at:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hyderabad (1964)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chandigarh (1973)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These institutions trained police officers in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Scientific investigation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Terrorism cases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drug offenses<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Traffic accidents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Crimes against women<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-14-central-forensic-science-laboratories-cfsls\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"314_Central_Forensic_Science_Laboratories_CFSLs\"><\/span>3.14. Central Forensic Science Laboratories (CFSLs)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first <strong>Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL)<\/strong> was established at Calcutta in 1957.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Initially it consisted of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Forensic Physics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forensic Chemistry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forensic Biology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forensic Ballistics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Subsequently:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CFSL Hyderabad was established in 1965.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CFSL Chandigarh became operational after shifting from Lahore.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These laboratories significantly strengthened forensic capabilities in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-15-central-forensic-institute-cfi\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"315_Central_Forensic_Institute_CFI\"><\/span>3.15. Central Forensic Institute (CFI)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The combined establishment of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CFSL<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CDTS<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GEQD<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">at Calcutta became known as the <strong>Central Forensic Institute (CFI).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A commandant was appointed in 1958 to supervise all these institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-4-advisory-committees-and-professional-development\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Advisory_Committees_and_Professional_Development\"><\/span>4. Advisory Committees and Professional Development<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-4-1-central-advisory-committees-1959\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"41_Central_Advisory_Committees_1959\"><\/span>4.1. Central Advisory Committees (1959)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The government established:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Central Forensic Science Advisory Committee<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Central Medico-Legal Advisory Committee<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These committees guided:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Establishment of laboratories<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Development of forensic practices<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Standardization of procedures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The forensic committee later became the <strong>Standing Committee on Forensic Science<\/strong>, which continues to function under the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&amp;D).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-4-2-indian-academy-of-forensic-sciences-1960\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"42_Indian_Academy_of_Forensic_Sciences_1960\"><\/span>4.2. Indian Academy of Forensic Sciences (1960)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>Indian Academy of Forensic Sciences (IAFS)<\/strong> was established in 1960.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its objectives included:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Promoting forensic research<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Publishing scientific journals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Organizing seminars and conferences<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Encouraging exchange of scientific knowledge<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-4-3-forensic-science-education-in-india\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"43_Forensic_Science_Education_in_India\"><\/span>4.3. Forensic Science Education in India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Efforts to introduce forensic science into university education began in the 1950s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following recommendations by various committees:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Universities at Sagar, Madras, and Patiala started forensic science courses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Plans were made to establish a specialized institute for higher education and research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-4-4-institute-of-criminology-and-forensic-science-icfs\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"44_Institute_of_Criminology_and_Forensic_Science_ICFS\"><\/span>4.4. Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (ICFS)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (ICFS)<\/strong> was established in New Delhi in 1971.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Its objectives included:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Training in-service personnel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conducting research<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promoting criminology and forensic science education<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It was envisioned as a future center of excellence for forensic studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-5-creation-of-forensic-science-division-bpr-amp-d\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Creation_of_Forensic_Science_Division_BPR_D\"><\/span>5. Creation of Forensic Science Division (BPR&amp;D)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following recommendations by experts, the government established the <strong>Forensic Science Directorate under BPR&amp;D<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The post of <strong>Chief Forensic Scientist<\/strong> was created in 1983 to coordinate forensic science activities across India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-6-modernization-of-forensic-laboratories\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Modernization_of_Forensic_Laboratories\"><\/span>6. Modernization of Forensic Laboratories<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1983, the Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet recommended modernization of forensic laboratories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CFSL Delhi<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CFSL Calcutta<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CFSL Hyderabad<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">were upgraded as major science and technology institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern equipment, advanced analytical techniques, and specialized scientific divisions were introduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-6-1-new-role-of-cfsls-1997-1998\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"61_New_Role_of_CFSLs_1997%E2%80%931998\"><\/span>6.1. New Role of CFSLs (1997\u20131998)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As most states developed their own forensic laboratories, the role of CFSLs changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They became:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Centers of Excellence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Responsible for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Research and Development (R&amp;D)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Specialized training<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Standardization of forensic methods<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Referral examination of complex cases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The designated specialization areas became:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Laboratory<\/th><th>Specialization<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>CFSL Calcutta<\/td><td>Forensic Biological Sciences<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CFSL Hyderabad<\/td><td>Forensic Chemical Sciences<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CFSL Chandigarh<\/td><td>Forensic Physical Sciences<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-6-2-dna-typing-laboratory-1998\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"62_DNA_Typing_Laboratory_1998\"><\/span>6.2. DNA Typing Laboratory (1998)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A major milestone was achieved in 1998 with the establishment of India&#8217;s first <strong>Forensic DNA Typing Laboratory at CFSL Calcutta.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The laboratory introduced advanced DNA technologies, including<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HLA-DQ Alpha Analysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Polymarker Techniques<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Short Tandem Repeat (STR) DNA Profiling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The laboratory assists in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Murder investigations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rape cases<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Paternity disputes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Organ transplant verification<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Baby exchange cases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-7-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Conclusion\"><\/span>7. Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The history of forensic science in India reflects a remarkable journey from ancient fingerprint identification practices mentioned in Arthashastra to modern DNA profiling and advanced forensic laboratories. Over the years, India has established a strong network of forensic institutions, research centers, training academies, and specialized laboratories. These developments have greatly strengthened criminal investigation, evidence analysis, and the administration of justice, making forensic science an indispensable part of the Indian criminal justice system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/forensic-laboratories-the-role-and-functions-of-central-and-state-institutions\/\">Forensic Laboratories: The Role and Functions of Central and State Institutions<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/role-of-forensic-evidence-in-securing-convictions-a-critical-evaluation-of-indian-practices\/\">Role of Forensic Evidence in Securing Convictions: A Critical Evaluation of Indian Practices<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/introduction-to-forensic-science-importance-scope-and-horizons-in-criminal-investigation\/\">Introduction to Forensic Science: Importance, Scope, and Horizons in Criminal Investigation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fingerprints-in-forensic-science-and-law-from-immutable-identity-to-digital-evidence\/\">Fingerprints in Forensic Science and Law: From Immutable Identity to Digital Evidence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-inseparable-link-prison-health-and-societys-well-being\/\">The Inseparable Link: Prison Health and Society&#8217;s Well-being<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction The use of science in crime investigation and the administration of justice has a long history in India. Although modern forensic science developed only in recent centuries, ancient Indians used scientific methods for detecting crime and identifying individuals. References to such practices can be found in Kautilya&#8217;s Arthashastra, written about 2300 years ago.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[921],"class_list":["post-30017","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-medico-legal","tag-medico-legal"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Historical Evolution: The Rise and Development of Forensic Science in India - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore the history of forensic science in India, from ancient fingerprints to modern DNA profiling and forensic laboratories.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Historical Evolution: The Rise and Development of Forensic Science in India\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Explore the history of forensic science in India, from ancient fingerprints to modern DNA profiling and forensic laboratories.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/historical-evolution-the-rise-and-development-of-forensic-science-in-india\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Legal Service India - Articles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-08-14T11:22:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-14T11:26:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Md. 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He served in Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, holding the positions of DCP (Special Branch) and DCP (Traffic) for over 4 years. He was posted in the districts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Nadia as Additional SP. At the sub-divisional level, he has worked as SDPOs of Gangarampur, Raghunathpur and Kalna sub-divisions of West Bengal. His tenure as Special IG and subsequently as IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal, for over 4 years, saw him deeply engaged in improving the prison and correctional system. He visited numerous correctional homes across West Bengal, interacting with inmates, both male and female, including children residing with their incarcerated mothers. His outreach extended to correctional homes in Assam, Bihar, and Tripura. This hands-on approach provided him with invaluable insights into the workings of prisons and the complexities of the prisoner psyche. Beyond his operational roles, Md. 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