{"id":32812,"date":"2026-09-23T10:39:31","date_gmt":"2026-09-23T10:39:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=32812"},"modified":"2026-09-23T10:42:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-23T10:42:26","slug":"the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/","title":{"rendered":"The Digital Paradigm Shift: Re-Evaluating Electronic Evidence Admissibility under Sections 61\u201363 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 id=\"h-title-introduction-amp-the-colonial-evidence-trap\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Title_Introduction_The_Colonial_Evidence_Trap\"><\/span>Title, Introduction &amp; The Colonial Evidence Trap<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Digital_Paradigm_Shift_Re-Evaluating_Electronic_Evidence_Admissibility_Under_Sections_61%E2%80%9363_of_the_Bharatiya_Sakshya_Adhiniyam_2023\"><\/span>The Digital Paradigm Shift: Re-Evaluating Electronic Evidence Admissibility Under Sections 61\u201363 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The enactment of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA), replacing the 152-year-old Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA), marks a fundamental modernization of India&#8217;s trial procedure. While the IEA was designed around physical paper documents, written signatures, and oral testimony, 21st-century litigation is dominated by electronic communications, server logs, encrypted messages, and cloud metadata.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#Title_Introduction_The_Colonial_Evidence_Trap\" >Title, Introduction &amp; The Colonial Evidence Trap<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#The_Digital_Paradigm_Shift_Re-Evaluating_Electronic_Evidence_Admissibility_Under_Sections_61%E2%80%9363_of_the_Bharatiya_Sakshya_Adhiniyam_2023\" >The Digital Paradigm Shift: Re-Evaluating Electronic Evidence Admissibility Under Sections 61\u201363 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#The_Pre-BSA_Conflict_From_Anvar_PV_to_Arjun_Panditrao_Khotkar\" >The Pre-BSA Conflict: From Anvar P.V. to Arjun Panditrao Khotkar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#Part_2_The_BSA_Overhaul_%E2%80%93_Primary_Evidence_Status_Forensic_Verification\" >Part 2: The BSA Overhaul \u2013 Primary Evidence Status &amp; Forensic Verification<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#Elevating_Digital_Evidence_Sections_61_62_and_63_of_the_BSA\" >Elevating Digital Evidence: Sections 61, 62, and 63 of the BSA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#Section_61_BSA_Admissibility_of_Electronic_Records\" >Section 61 BSA (Admissibility of Electronic Records)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#Section_62_BSA_Electronic_Records_as_Primary_Evidence\" >Section 62 BSA (Electronic Records as Primary Evidence)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#Section_63_BSA_Requirements_for_Electronic_Output_and_Certification\" >Section 63 BSA (Requirements for Electronic Output and Certification)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#Part_3_Chain_of_Custody_Recommendations_Endnotes\" >Part 3: Chain of Custody, Recommendations &amp; Endnotes<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#Preserving_the_Digital_Chain_of_Custody_and_Constitutional_Fair_Trial\" >Preserving the Digital Chain of Custody and Constitutional Fair Trial<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#Conclusion_Modernizing_Judicial_Truth-Seeking\" >Conclusion: Modernizing Judicial Truth-Seeking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-paradigm-shift-re-evaluating-electronic-evidence-admissibility-under-sections-61-63-of-the-bharatiya-sakshya-adhiniyam-2023\/#Endnotes\" >Endnotes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under the former regime, the admissibility of electronic records was governed by the complex, heavily litigated Section 65B of the IEA. Section 65B treated computer printouts and digital records as secondary evidence that required a mandatory, strict certificate to be admissible. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, fundamentally overhauls this framework through Sections 61, 62, and 63 BSA. This paper presents a doctrinal and practical critique of this statutory overhaul. It traces the shift elevating digital records to primary evidence, examines the resolution of conflicting Supreme Court precedents, and evaluates the forensic safeguards introduced to preserve the digital chain of custody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-the-pre-bsa-conflict-from-anvar-p-v-to-arjun-panditrao-khotkar\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Pre-BSA_Conflict_From_Anvar_PV_to_Arjun_Panditrao_Khotkar\"><\/span>The Pre-BSA Conflict: From Anvar P.V. to Arjun Panditrao Khotkar<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To understand the necessity of Sections 61\u201363 BSA, one must analyze the judicial instability surrounding Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act. Section 65B(4) required a certificate signed by a person occupying a responsible position in relation to the operation of the relevant device before any secondary electronic record could be admitted into evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This statutory mandate led to conflicting interpretations by the Supreme Court:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>In Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer (2014),<\/strong> a three-judge bench held that Section 65B was a complete, non-negotiable code. The Court ruled that electronic evidence was strictly inadmissible without a mandatory Section 65B(4) certificate, overruling earlier liberal approaches.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>In Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh (2018),<\/strong> a two-judge bench diluted this requirement, observing that a party who did not possess the physical device (such as an accused or a third-party litigant) could not be impossibly required to produce a certificate from an uncooperative owner, allowing secondary oral evidence under Section 65.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>In Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal (2020),<\/strong> a Constitution Bench reaffirmed Anvar P.V., holding that a certificate under Section 65B(4) was an absolute condition precedent for secondary electronic evidence, while suggesting that courts exercise subpoena powers under Section 91 CrPC to order uncooperative parties to produce certificates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite Arjun Panditrao, practical difficulties persisted in trial courts, where technical delays in acquiring certificates frequently led to the exclusion of crucial digital material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also Read: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalservicesindia.com\/tmc-name-symbol-freeze-election-commission-paragraph-15\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TMC Name-Symbol Freeze: Can the Election Commission Freeze a Political Party\u2019s Identity<\/a>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-part-2-the-bsa-overhaul-primary-evidence-status-amp-forensic-verification\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Part_2_The_BSA_Overhaul_%E2%80%93_Primary_Evidence_Status_Forensic_Verification\"><\/span>Part 2: The BSA Overhaul \u2013 Primary Evidence Status &amp; Forensic Verification<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-elevating-digital-evidence-sections-61-62-and-63-of-the-bsa\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Elevating_Digital_Evidence_Sections_61_62_and_63_of_the_BSA\"><\/span>Elevating Digital Evidence: Sections 61, 62, and 63 of the BSA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam resolves these historical hurdles by updating the core taxonomy of documentary evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Provision<\/th><th>Subject<\/th><th>Key Point<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Section 61 BSA<\/strong><\/td><td>Admissibility of Electronic Records<\/td><td>Section 61 lays down the foundational rule that an electronic or digital record shall be given the same legal effect, validity, and enforceability as a paper document.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Section 62 BSA<\/strong><\/td><td>Electronic Records as Primary Evidence<\/td><td>Explanation 4 to Section 62 BSA explicitly establishes that where an electronic or digital record is created or stored in multiple files, optical media, or cloud systems simultaneously, each such computer output constitutes primary evidence.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Section 63 BSA<\/strong><\/td><td>Requirements for Electronic Output and Certification<\/td><td>Section 63 BSA sets out the conditions for admitting computer output and modernizes the mandatory certificate requirement by incorporating contemporary technical standards.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-section-61-bsa-admissibility-of-electronic-records\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_61_BSA_Admissibility_of_Electronic_Records\"><\/span>Section 61 BSA (Admissibility of Electronic Records)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 61 lays down the foundational rule that an electronic or digital record shall be given the same legal effect, validity, and enforceability as a paper document. It explicitly affirms that electronic records shall not be denied admissibility solely because they exist in digital format.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-section-62-bsa-electronic-records-as-primary-evidence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_62_BSA_Electronic_Records_as_Primary_Evidence\"><\/span>Section 62 BSA (Electronic Records as Primary Evidence)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a departure from the IEA, Explanation 4 to Section 62 BSA explicitly establishes that where an electronic or digital record is created or stored in multiple files, optical media, or cloud systems simultaneously, each such computer output constitutes primary evidence. By categorizing properly stored or reproduced digital files as primary evidence, the BSA reduces reliance on secondary evidence classifications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also Read: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalservicesindia.com\/manipur-relief-camps-supreme-court-25-unnatural-deaths\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Manipur Relief Camps: Supreme Court Seeks Probe Into 25 Unnatural Deaths<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-section-63-bsa-requirements-for-electronic-output-and-certification\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_63_BSA_Requirements_for_Electronic_Output_and_Certification\"><\/span>Section 63 BSA (Requirements for Electronic Output and Certification)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Corresponding to the former Section 65B IEA, Section 63 BSA sets out the conditions for admitting computer output. Crucially, Section 63(4) BSA modernizes the mandatory certificate requirement by incorporating contemporary technical standards:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It explicitly mandates the recording of hash values (cryptographic unique digital fingerprints) to verify that the file has not been altered, edited, or corrupted.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It allows certification by either the person in charge of the computer\/device or an authorized expert, simplifying the process when a party does not own the primary server.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-part-3-chain-of-custody-recommendations-amp-endnotes\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Part_3_Chain_of_Custody_Recommendations_Endnotes\"><\/span>Part 3: Chain of Custody, Recommendations &amp; Endnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-preserving-the-digital-chain-of-custody-and-constitutional-fair-trial\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Preserving_the_Digital_Chain_of_Custody_and_Constitutional_Fair_Trial\"><\/span>Preserving the Digital Chain of Custody and Constitutional Fair Trial<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the BSA simplifies the presentation of digital evidence, it shifts the focus toward establishing a verified chain of custody. Electronic evidence remains uniquely susceptible to tampering, remote deletion, and metadata corruption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To balance statutory efficiency with the Article 21 guarantee of a fair trial, courts must enforce strict evidentiary standards during investigation and trial:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cryptographic Integrity:<\/strong> Trial courts must treat hash value matches as a core threshold for authenticity. Any unexplained variation in a hash value between seizure and court presentation must raise a strong presumption of tampering.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Procedural Safeguards During Seizure:<\/strong> Investigating agencies operating under Section 105 BNSS (search and seizure) must mandate bit-stream imaging and write-blocker isolation at the time of seizing electronic devices to ensure original metadata remains uncompromised.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Accused&#8217;s Right to Forensic Audit:<\/strong> To prevent procedural unfairness, the defense must be granted access to digital mirror images and metadata logs to verify the technical authenticity of certified electronic records under Section 63 BSA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion-modernizing-judicial-truth-seeking\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion_Modernizing_Judicial_Truth-Seeking\"><\/span>Conclusion: Modernizing Judicial Truth-Seeking<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The transition from Section 65B IEA to Sections 61\u201363 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, reflects a forward-looking shift in Indian evidence law. By recognizing electronic records as primary evidence and integrating cryptographic verification methods like hash values, the BSA streamlines trial procedure while addressing the technical realities of modern litigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As judicial officers, prosecutors, and legal practitioners adapt to this new statutory framework, strict adherence to forensic safeguards and chain-of-custody protocols will ensure that digital evidence serves as a reliable instrument of truth and justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-endnotes\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Endnotes\"><\/span>Endnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, ss. 61\u201363, No. 47, Acts of Parliament, 2023 (India).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Indian Evidence Act, 1872, s. 65B, No. 1, Acts of Parliament, 1872 (India).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer<\/em>, (2014) 10 SCC 473.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Shafhi Mohammad v. State of Himachal Pradesh<\/em>, (2018) 2 SCC 801.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal<\/em>, (2020) 7 SCC 1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, s. 105, No. 46, Acts of Parliament, 2023 (India).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Information Technology Act, 2000, s. 79A, No. 21, Acts of Parliament, 2000 (India).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>State (NCT of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu<\/em>, (2005) 11 SCC 600.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Tomaso Bruno v. State of U.P.<\/em>, (2015) 7 SCC 178.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Law Commission of India, <em>Rethinking Electronic Evidence: Amending Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act<\/em>, Report No. 273 (2018).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/digital-evidence-in-india-the-rising-role-of-technology-in-delivering-public-justice-insights\/\">Digital Evidence in India: The Rising Role of Technology in Delivering Public Justice\u2014Insights<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/judicial-examination-of-cctv-footage-as-evidence-in-courts\/\">Judicial Examination of CCTV Footage as Evidence in Courts<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/ai-and-the-admissibility-and-reliability-of-ai-generated-evidence-in-indian-courts-the-legal-challenges-in-digital-age\/\">AI and the Admissibility and Reliability of AI-Generated Evidence in Indian Courts: The Legal Challenges in the Digital Age<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-framework-governing-firs-under-indias-new-criminal-laws\/\">Legal Framework Governing FIRs Under India\u2019s New Criminal Laws<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-digital-mirror-a-global-guide-to-forensic-imaging\/\">The Digital Mirror: A Global Guide to Forensic Imaging<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Title, Introduction &amp; The Colonial Evidence Trap The Digital Paradigm Shift: Re-Evaluating Electronic Evidence Admissibility Under Sections 61\u201363 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 The enactment of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA), replacing the 152-year-old Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA), marks a fundamental modernization of India&#8217;s trial procedure. While the IEA was designed around<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1730,"featured_media":32835,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32812","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-criminal-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Digital Paradigm Shift: Re-Evaluating Electronic Evidence Admissibility under Sections 61\u201363 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 - 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He is a Distinguished Member of the International Council of Jurists, London, and a Recognised Legal Author with Legal Service India, with multiple published legal articles. He is currently associated with Vyug Metaverse Technology Private Limited &amp; CoinCred, where he works as a Legal Associate handling corporate documentation, agreements, due diligence, regulatory compliance, and emerging legal issues relating to technology, cryptocurrency, FinTech, and XR\/VR. Prior to this, he worked as a Trainee Associate at Juris &amp; Juris Law Firm, where he gained substantial experience in drafting pleadings, legal notices, affidavits, applications, petitions, and other legal documents, while conducting legal research across civil, corporate, arbitration, and commercial matters. He holds an LL.B. from IMS Law College, Noida, and a B.A. from the University of Allahabad. During his academic journey, he actively participated in moot courts, debating, legal-aid initiatives, and various academic activities, including serving as Vice President of the RTI Club and Secretary of the Debating Society at IMS Law College. His areas of professional interest include Corporate &amp; Commercial Law, Litigation, Arbitration, Technology Law, Cryptocurrency &amp; FinTech Regulation, Regulatory Compliance, and emerging legal developments. 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