{"id":33080,"date":"2026-09-28T04:58:05","date_gmt":"2026-09-28T04:58:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=33080"},"modified":"2026-09-28T05:01:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-28T05:01:10","slug":"right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/","title":{"rendered":"Right to Privacy and Defences Against the Tort of Invasion of Privacy: Constitutional Foundations, Civil Remedies, and Comparative Perspectives"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-introduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Privacy is the right of a person to enjoy a private space in life without unnecessary interference by others. It includes keeping personal matters, family life, correspondence, photographs, medical\/financial information, and intimate choices away from unwanted public attention. Fundamentally, privacy represents &#8220;the right to be left alone.&#8221;<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Scope_and_Dimensions_of_Privacy\" >Scope and Dimensions of Privacy<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Protected_Areas_Include\" >Protected Areas Include<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Development_of_the_Right_to_Privacy_in_India\" >Development of the Right to Privacy in India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Kharak_Singh_v_State_of_UP_1963\" >Kharak Singh v. State of U.P. (1963)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Gobind_v_State_of_Madhya_Pradesh_1975\" >Gobind v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1975)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Rajagopal_v_State_of_Tamil_Nadu_1994\" >Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu (1994)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#PUCL_v_Union_of_India_1997\" >PUCL v. Union of India (1997)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Justice_KS_Puttaswamy_v_Union_of_India_2017\" >Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Privacy_as_a_Tort\" >Privacy as a Tort<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Defences_Against_an_Action_for_Invasion_of_Privacy\" >Defences Against an Action for Invasion of Privacy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#International_Comparative_Framework\" >International Comparative Framework<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#A_United_States\" >A. United States<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#B_United_Kingdom\" >B. United Kingdom<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#C_European_Court_of_Human_Rights_ECHR\" >C. European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Action_Against_Violation_of_the_Right_to_Privacy\" >Action Against Violation of the Right to Privacy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historically, common law protected privacy indirectly through established torts like trespass, nuisance, defamation, and breach of confidence. Over time, courts recognised privacy as an independent legal right. In India, the Supreme Court elevated privacy to a constitutional status under Article 21 (Protection of Life and Personal Liberty). In the landmark judgement <em>Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017)<\/em>, a nine-judge bench unanimously held privacy to be a fundamental right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Privacy is not absolute. It must be balanced against competing public interests, such as freedom of speech and expression, freedom of the press, administration of justice, public safety, and law enforcement requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-scope-and-dimensions-of-privacy\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Scope_and_Dimensions_of_Privacy\"><\/span>Scope and Dimensions of Privacy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The right to privacy safeguards an individual&#8217;s personal sphere from unjustified intrusion, spanning two core dimensions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Informational Dimension:<\/strong> Controlling the collection, storage, processing, and publication of personal data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Personal \/ Spatial Dimension:<\/strong> Preventing physical or electronic intrusions into one&#8217;s home, body, communications, and personal relationships.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-protected-areas-include\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Protected_Areas_Include\"><\/span>Protected Areas Include<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Family and marital life<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Home and physical space<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Personal correspondence and telecommunications<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Photographs and personal identity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Medical records and financial data<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Personal choices, relationships, and reproductive decisions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-development-of-the-right-to-privacy-in-india\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Development_of_the_Right_to_Privacy_in_India\"><\/span>Development of the Right to Privacy in India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-kharak-singh-v-state-of-u-p-1963\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kharak_Singh_v_State_of_UP_1963\"><\/span>Kharak Singh v. State of U.P. (1963)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examined police surveillance and domiciliary visits. While the majority rejected a general right to privacy, the decision laid the foundational debate for personal liberty under Article 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-gobind-v-state-of-madhya-pradesh-1975\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gobind_v_State_of_Madhya_Pradesh_1975\"><\/span>Gobind v. State of Madhya Pradesh (1975)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recognised that a right to privacy can be inferred from Article 21, though subject to important state restrictions for public interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-rajagopal-v-state-of-tamil-nadu-1994\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rajagopal_v_State_of_Tamil_Nadu_1994\"><\/span>Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu (1994)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Established privacy as a tortious right (&#8220;right to be let alone&#8221;) in the context of publishing a prisoner&#8217;s autobiography. Balanced privacy against freedom of the press under Article 19(1)(a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-pucl-v-union-of-india-1997\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"PUCL_v_Union_of_India_1997\"><\/span>PUCL v. Union of India (1997)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Extended privacy protection to electronic communications, holding that unauthorised wiretapping violates Article 21 unless conducted under statutory procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-justice-k-s-puttaswamy-v-union-of-india-2017\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Justice_KS_Puttaswamy_v_Union_of_India_2017\"><\/span>Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A 9-judge Bench unanimously declared privacy a fundamental right under Article 21. Established a 3-prong test for state interference: Legality, Legitimate State Aim, and Proportionality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-privacy-as-a-tort\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Privacy_as_a_Tort\"><\/span>Privacy as a Tort<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While constitutional privacy protects individuals against state action, the tortious aspect of privacy protects individuals against wrongful interference by private citizens or private organisations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indian law does not feature a single, consolidated statute for tortious invasion of privacy. Instead, civil remedies (such as damages or injunctions) are available through interconnected doctrines:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Breach of confidence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Misuse of private information<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unlawful publication of private facts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Misappropriation of name or likeness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Common-law torts of trespass and nuisance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-defences-against-an-action-for-invasion-of-privacy\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Defences_Against_an_Action_for_Invasion_of_Privacy\"><\/span>Defences Against an Action for Invasion of Privacy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An action for invasion of privacy will fail if the defendant proves one or more recognised legal defences:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Defence \/ Limitation<\/th><th>Explanation &amp; Application<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Consent<\/strong><\/td><td>Explicit or implied agreement to the publication or disclosure. The disclosure must strictly remain within the scope of the given consent.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Public Interest<\/strong><\/td><td>Genuine societal interest in knowing the information (e.g., exposing corruption, crime, or public health risks). Note: Public interest is not synonymous with public curiosity.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Public Records<\/strong><\/td><td>Information contained in official court judgements, statutory registers, or public documents ceases to carry an absolute expectation of privacy (<em>R. Rajagopal<\/em>). Exceptions apply to sensitive cases like sexual assault victims.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Voluntary Exposure<\/strong><\/td><td>When an individual voluntarily thrusts themselves into a public controversy or exposes personal facts to the public domain, their expectation of privacy regarding those facts is reduced.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Freedom of Expression<\/strong><\/td><td>The constitutional right under Article 19(1)(a) allows fair comment and press reporting on matters relevant to society, balanced against individual privacy.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Lawful Authority<\/strong><\/td><td>Interferences permitted by statute for investigation, law enforcement, or statutory compliance, provided they pass the constitutional tests of legality and proportionality.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Truth (Qualified)<\/strong><\/td><td>Truth alone is not an absolute defence to a privacy claim. Publishing a true fact that is purely intimate (e.g., medical history) with no public interest remains actionable.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Public Figure Status<\/strong><\/td><td>Public figures have a reduced expectation of privacy concerning public duties but retain privacy regarding purely private and domestic matters.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-international-comparative-framework\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"International_Comparative_Framework\"><\/span>International Comparative Framework<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-a-united-states\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_United_States\"><\/span>A. United States<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Warren &amp; Brandeis (1890):<\/strong> Authored the groundbreaking article &#8220;The Right to Privacy&#8221;, coining the phrase &#8220;the right to be let alone&#8221;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Katz v. United States (1967):<\/strong> Established the &#8220;reasonable expectation of privacy&#8221; test under the Fourth Amendment regarding electronic surveillance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967):<\/strong> Balanced privacy against First Amendment free speech guarantees.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-b-united-kingdom\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_United_Kingdom\"><\/span>B. United Kingdom<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Campbell v. MGN Ltd. (2004):<\/strong> The House of Lords developed the tort of misuse of private information when photographs of Naomi Campbell leaving a rehabilitation meeting were published.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Douglas v. Hello! Ltd. (2001\/2005):<\/strong> Protected commercial and personal privacy over unauthorised photographs taken at a private wedding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-c-european-court-of-human-rights-echr\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"C_European_Court_of_Human_Rights_ECHR\"><\/span>C. European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article 8 vs. Article 10:<\/strong> Balances the right to private life (Art. 8) against freedom of expression (Art. 10).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Von Hannover v. Germany (2004):<\/strong> Held that publishing photos of Princess Caroline&#8217;s daily activities did not contribute to a debate of general public interest, affirming privacy rights for public figures in personal settings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Axel Springer AG v. Germany (2012):<\/strong> Outlined specific criteria for balancing press freedom against privacy, including prior conduct, how information was obtained, accuracy, and public interest contribution.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-action-against-violation-of-the-right-to-privacy\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Action_Against_Violation_of_the_Right_to_Privacy\"><\/span>Action Against Violation of the Right to Privacy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When an individual\u2019s right to privacy is unlawfully violated, the law provides remedies through constitutional, civil, and statutory mechanisms, depending on the nature of the infringement and the identity of the wrongdoer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where the violation is committed by the State or a public authority, the aggrieved person may enforce the fundamental right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution by filing a writ petition before the High Court under Article 226 or the Supreme Court under Article 32, as recognised in <em>R. Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu (1994)<\/em> and <em>Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In cases involving private individuals, corporations, or other non-state actors, the victim may institute a civil action for damages, compensation, or injunctions to restrain the unauthorised disclosure, publication, or misuse of private information, photographs, or communications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additionally, statutory remedies under the Information Technology Act, data protection laws, and the equitable doctrine of breach of confidence provide protection against cyber intrusions, unlawful surveillance, identity theft, and the unauthorised commercial exploitation of personal data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The primary aim of these remedies is to protect individual dignity, preserve autonomy, prevent further violations, and provide effective redress for the harm suffered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The right to privacy has evolved from a narrow common-law concept into a vital fundamental right that safeguards personal autonomy and informational control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While landmark decisions like <em>K.S. Puttaswamy<\/em> establish robust constitutional protections against state intrusion, privacy remains a qualified right that must be balanced against freedom of expression, public interest, and lawful governance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ultimately, privacy laws do not grant absolute secrecy but instead aim to strike a fair, proportional boundary between an individual&#8217;s right to live a private life and society&#8217;s legitimate need for truth, accountability, and free communication in the modern digital era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/cybercrime-in-india-laws-examples-prevention-it-act-explained-2026-guide\/\">Cybercrime in India: Laws, Examples, Prevention &amp; IT Act Explained (2026 Guide)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-institutions-in-war-use-abuse-ignorance\/\">The Illusion of Intervention: How Legal Institutions are Used, Abused, and Ignored in War<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fair-trial-vs-privacy-a-constitutional-tussle-in-limbo\/\">Fair Trial vs Privacy: A Constitutional Tussle in Limbo<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/origin-and-evolution-of-the-law-of-torts-in-india-from-english-common-law-to-constitutional-and-social-justice-jurisprudence\/\">Origin and Evolution of the Law of Torts in India: From English Common Law to Constitutional and Social Justice Jurisprudence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/putting-the-past-to-rest-how-legal-claims-in-tort-law-come-to-an-end\/\">Putting the Past to Rest: How Legal Claims in Tort Law Come to an End<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction Privacy is the right of a person to enjoy a private space in life without unnecessary interference by others. It includes keeping personal matters, family life, correspondence, photographs, medical\/financial information, and intimate choices away from unwanted public attention. Fundamentally, privacy represents &#8220;the right to be left alone.&#8221; Historically, common law protected privacy indirectly through<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":33109,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[11058],"class_list":["post-33080","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-constitutional-law","tag-constitutional-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.8 (Yoast SEO v28.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Right to Privacy and Defences Against the Tort of Invasion of Privacy: Constitutional Foundations, Civil Remedies, and Comparative Perspectives - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the right to privacy in India, Article 21, landmark judgments, privacy laws, defences, and legal remedies for privacy violations.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Right to Privacy and Defences Against the Tort of Invasion of Privacy: Constitutional Foundations, Civil Remedies, and Comparative Perspectives\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn about the right to privacy in India, Article 21, landmark judgments, privacy laws, defences, and legal remedies for privacy violations.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Legal Service India - Articles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-09-28T04:58:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-28T05:01:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1536\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Md. Imran Wahab\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@legalserviceind\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@legalserviceind\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Md. Imran Wahab\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Md. Imran Wahab\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/23f17916b2032842e5ccd9cb51dfc156\"},\"headline\":\"Right to Privacy and Defences Against the Tort of Invasion of Privacy: Constitutional Foundations, Civil Remedies, and Comparative Perspectives\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-28T04:58:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-28T05:01:10+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1281,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp\",\"keywords\":[\"Constitutional law\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Constitutional law\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/\",\"name\":\"Right to Privacy and Defences Against the Tort of Invasion of Privacy: Constitutional Foundations, Civil Remedies, and Comparative Perspectives - Legal Service India - Articles\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-28T04:58:05+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-28T05:01:10+00:00\",\"description\":\"Learn about the right to privacy in India, Article 21, landmark judgments, privacy laws, defences, and legal remedies for privacy violations.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp\",\"width\":1536,\"height\":1024,\"caption\":\"right to privacy in India\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Constitutional law > Right to Privacy in India Under Article 21: Laws, Judgments & Remedies\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/\",\"name\":\"Legal Service India - Law Articles\",\"description\":\"Legal Service India - Law Article Directory is the oldest in India since 2000, with thousands of article written by lawyers, law Students and Scholars on all branches of law\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Legal Service India\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/logo-circle-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/logo-circle-1.png\",\"width\":105,\"height\":95,\"caption\":\"Legal Service India\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/legalservicesind\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/legalserviceind\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/@LegalServiceIndia-lsi\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/23f17916b2032842e5ccd9cb51dfc156\",\"name\":\"Md. Imran Wahab\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Md. Imran Wahab\"},\"description\":\"\ud83d\udc6e Md. Imran Wahab, IPS Inspector General of Police (IGP), Provisioning, West Bengal Md. Imran Wahab is a distinguished Indian Police Service officer with extensive experience in law enforcement, administration, prison management, and public service. He has held several senior positions in the West Bengal Police, Kolkata Police, and Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, and served as Special IG and IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal. \ud83c\udf93 Academic Excellence: He holds degrees in Science, Arts, Law, and Business Administration, along with multiple postgraduate diplomas in specialised fields, including Human Rights, Psychology, Public Administration, and Disaster Management. He has also undergone specialised training at SVPNPA, IIM Ahmedabad, and in Singapore. \ud83d\udcda Author &amp; Research Scholar: He has authored Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters and Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations. With over 1,000 articles to his credit, his research and writings cover law, policing, criminal justice, prison administration, politics, and international affairs. His contributions have appeared in reputed police and research journals. \ud83d\uddf3\ufe0f Election Management &amp; Leadership: As an Election Commission of India observer, he has contributed to election management across several Indian states. He has also chaired and served on recruitment boards for Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. His professional interests span law, governance, correctional administration, international affairs, and management, reflecting a sustained commitment to institutional development, knowledge sharing, and public service.\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/author\\\/md-imranwahab\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Right to Privacy and Defences Against the Tort of Invasion of Privacy: Constitutional Foundations, Civil Remedies, and Comparative Perspectives - Legal Service India - Articles","description":"Learn about the right to privacy in India, Article 21, landmark judgments, privacy laws, defences, and legal remedies for privacy violations.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Right to Privacy and Defences Against the Tort of Invasion of Privacy: Constitutional Foundations, Civil Remedies, and Comparative Perspectives","og_description":"Learn about the right to privacy in India, Article 21, landmark judgments, privacy laws, defences, and legal remedies for privacy violations.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/","og_site_name":"Legal Service India - Articles","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind","article_published_time":"2026-09-28T04:58:05+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-09-28T05:01:10+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1536,"height":1024,"url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"author":"Md. Imran Wahab","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@legalserviceind","twitter_site":"@legalserviceind","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Md. Imran Wahab","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/"},"author":{"name":"Md. Imran Wahab","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/person\/23f17916b2032842e5ccd9cb51dfc156"},"headline":"Right to Privacy and Defences Against the Tort of Invasion of Privacy: Constitutional Foundations, Civil Remedies, and Comparative Perspectives","datePublished":"2026-09-28T04:58:05+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-28T05:01:10+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/"},"wordCount":1281,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp","keywords":["Constitutional law"],"articleSection":["Constitutional law"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/","name":"Right to Privacy and Defences Against the Tort of Invasion of Privacy: Constitutional Foundations, Civil Remedies, and Comparative Perspectives - Legal Service India - Articles","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp","datePublished":"2026-09-28T04:58:05+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-28T05:01:10+00:00","description":"Learn about the right to privacy in India, Article 21, landmark judgments, privacy laws, defences, and legal remedies for privacy violations.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp","width":1536,"height":1024,"caption":"right to privacy in India"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/right-to-privacy-and-defences-against-the-tort-of-invasion-of-privacy-constitutional-foundations-civil-remedies-and-comparative-perspectives\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Constitutional law > Right to Privacy in India Under Article 21: Laws, Judgments & Remedies"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/","name":"Legal Service India - Law Articles","description":"Legal Service India - Law Article Directory is the oldest in India since 2000, with thousands of article written by lawyers, law Students and Scholars on all branches of law","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#organization","name":"Legal Service India","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/logo-circle-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/logo-circle-1.png","width":105,"height":95,"caption":"Legal Service India"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind","https:\/\/x.com\/legalserviceind","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@LegalServiceIndia-lsi"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/#\/schema\/person\/23f17916b2032842e5ccd9cb51dfc156","name":"Md. Imran Wahab","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","caption":"Md. Imran Wahab"},"description":"\ud83d\udc6e Md. Imran Wahab, IPS Inspector General of Police (IGP), Provisioning, West Bengal Md. Imran Wahab is a distinguished Indian Police Service officer with extensive experience in law enforcement, administration, prison management, and public service. He has held several senior positions in the West Bengal Police, Kolkata Police, and Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, and served as Special IG and IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal. \ud83c\udf93 Academic Excellence: He holds degrees in Science, Arts, Law, and Business Administration, along with multiple postgraduate diplomas in specialised fields, including Human Rights, Psychology, Public Administration, and Disaster Management. He has also undergone specialised training at SVPNPA, IIM Ahmedabad, and in Singapore. \ud83d\udcda Author &amp; Research Scholar: He has authored Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters and Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations. With over 1,000 articles to his credit, his research and writings cover law, policing, criminal justice, prison administration, politics, and international affairs. His contributions have appeared in reputed police and research journals. \ud83d\uddf3\ufe0f Election Management &amp; Leadership: As an Election Commission of India observer, he has contributed to election management across several Indian states. He has also chaired and served on recruitment boards for Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. His professional interests span law, governance, correctional administration, international affairs, and management, reflecting a sustained commitment to institutional development, knowledge sharing, and public service.","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/author\/md-imranwahab\/"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/right-to-privacy-in-india.webp","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33080","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/49"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33080"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33080\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33080"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33080"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33080"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}