{"id":33144,"date":"2026-09-29T15:34:34","date_gmt":"2026-09-29T15:34:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=33144"},"modified":"2026-09-29T15:39:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T15:39:13","slug":"john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/","title":{"rendered":"John Doe Orders in IP Infringments: A Genie out of the Bottle"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"John_Doe_Orders_Ashok_Kumar_Orders_And_Dynamic_Injunctions_In_Intellectual_Property_Infringement\"><\/span>John Doe Orders, Ashok Kumar Orders And Dynamic Injunctions In Intellectual Property Infringement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>The Issuance of Temporary Injunctions, under Section 36 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 read with Section 94 and Order XXXIX of the CPC, against defendants is the quickest remedy an aggrieved party can pray for during litigation, where obtaining the final relief often becomes a race against time. Such Qua Timet relief have become one of the most favoured courses of action that IP practitioners have in their legal arsenal to protect their clients against infringement of their intellectual works.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#John_Doe_Orders_Ashok_Kumar_Orders_And_Dynamic_Injunctions_In_Intellectual_Property_Infringement\" >John Doe Orders, Ashok Kumar Orders And Dynamic Injunctions In Intellectual Property Infringement<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#History_Of_John_Doe_Orders\" >History Of John Doe Orders<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#John_Doe_Orders_In_Canadian_Jurisprudence\" >John Doe Orders In Canadian Jurisprudence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#John_Doe_Orders_And_Actions_In_Rem\" >John Doe Orders And Actions In Rem<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Adoption_Of_John_Doe_Orders_In_India\" >Adoption Of John Doe Orders In India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Role_Of_DoT_MeitY_And_Internet_Service_Providers\" >Role Of DoT, MeitY And Internet Service Providers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#UTV_Software_And_Anonymous_Cable_Operators\" >UTV Software And Anonymous Cable Operators<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Dynamic_Injunctions_And_Online_Piracy\" >Dynamic Injunctions And Online Piracy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Concerns_Surrounding_John_Doe_Orders\" >Concerns Surrounding John Doe Orders<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Three-Point_Test_For_Interim_Injunctions\" >Three-Point Test For Interim Injunctions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Frequently_Infringing_Online_Locations_And_Technical_Blocking_Measures\" >Frequently Infringing Online Locations And Technical Blocking Measures<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#1_DNS_Name_Blocking\" >1. DNS Name Blocking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#2_IP_Address_Blocking_IPB\" >2. IP Address Blocking (IPB)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#3_Deep_Packet_Inspection_DPI_Blocking\" >3. Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) Blocking<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Over-Blocking_And_Freedom_Of_Information\" >Over-Blocking And Freedom Of Information<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Ten-Point_Test_For_Classifying_Rogue_Websites_Or_FIOL\" >Ten-Point Test For Classifying Rogue Websites Or FIOL<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Dynamic_Injunctions_And_The_%E2%80%9CWhack-A-Mole%E2%80%9D_Effect\" >Dynamic Injunctions And The \u201cWhack-A-Mole\u201d Effect<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Bombay_High_Court_And_Ashok_Kumar_Injunctions\" >Bombay High Court And Ashok Kumar Injunctions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Safeguards_And_Responsible_Use_Of_John_Doe_Injunctions\" >Safeguards And Responsible Use Of John Doe Injunctions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#Intellectual_Property_Crime_Units\" >Intellectual Property Crime Units<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-in-ip-infringments-a-genie-out-of-the-bottle\/#References\" >References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>However, the ambit of injunctions is not limited to grounds enlisted in Order XXXIX and the jurisprudence over the years has broadened its purview specifically when read with section 94 of the CPC along with the Inherent Powers provided under section 151 of the CPC i.e., preventing ends of justice from being defeated.<\/p>\n<p>With the advent of the internet there has been rapid progress of technology, to the point where people have access to the world wide web at their fingertips, all the more, the horizons of our understanding and the jurisprudence surrounding Intellectual Property Rights has also expanded exponentially.<\/p>\n<p>At the cost of such progress, numerous disputes have been cropping up where complete strangers sitting behind their computer screen and often at times across borders and in foreign jurisdictions, are infringing upon the Intellectual Property of bonafide proprietors and the piracy of protected works is at an all-time high.<\/p>\n<p>More pertinently, such infringing or \u201crogue websites\u201d act like the Hydra from the Greek Mythology or Ravana\u2019s <em>Dashamukha<\/em> from the ancient Hindu Epic Ramayana, where the attempts at severing a head (one website) by court orders are rendered completely frivolous and leads to multiple heads sprouting (Mirror websites) as a result.<\/p>\n<p>The Indian courts in response have, in essence, taken recourse of a magical lamp from foreign jurisdiction (in the spirit of international comity) and have unleashed a genie in the form of John Doe orders, or Ashok Kumar orders to be precise.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"history-of-john-doe-orders\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"History_Of_John_Doe_Orders\"><\/span>History Of John Doe Orders<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>While the use of names for fictious parties can be traced back to the early Roman Law, the name \u201cJohn Doe\u201d in particular, has its origin from the royal court of King Edward III of England<sup>[1]<\/sup> dating back to the 14th Century, when such orders were issued against defendants in ejectment proceedings where their identities had not come to light during their issuance.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, the use of the name has also found its way in the field of medicine and psychiatry where the name John Doe (and \u201cJane Doe\u201d for the corresponding female name) is used to denote patients and the deceased whose identities have not come to light.<\/p>\n<p>Consequently, with passage of time, the Common Law courts adopted \u201cRolling Anton Piller\u201d Orders which were a modified form of the equitable ex parte remedy known \u201cAnton Piller\u201d orders<sup>[2]<\/sup>, that provided relief to aggrieved plaintiffs by empowering them to enter, inspect and seize incriminating documents from defendant\u2019s place of residence to prevent attempts at destroying or disposing them in intellectual property infringement disputes.<\/p>\n<p>However, the inclusion of the \u201crolling\u201d in the said order refers to the element of anonymous persons who are subjected to such injunction.<\/p>\n<p>The rationale behind such relief is the intolerance of the current environment of digital age that conveniently shields and masks the identities of infringers and online pirates, making it a cumbersome exercise of coordination between aggrieved parties, the investigators and Internet Service Providers, which defeats the very purpose behind preventive relief of injunctions, by the time such identities come to light and penalties are accorded.<\/p>\n<p>The U.S. Federal case <strong>Billy Joel and Root Beer Rags, Ltd v. Various John Does (1980)<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/strong>, the court thein observed that \u201c<em>while the proposed remedy is novel, that in itself should not weigh against its adoption by this court. A court of equity is free to fashion whatever remedies will adequately protect the rights of the parties before it<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>John Doe orders operate as blanket injunction against unidentified infringers ranging from websites, to pirated DVD sellers, cable operators, etc.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"john-doe-orders-in-canadian-jurisprudence\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"John_Doe_Orders_In_Canadian_Jurisprudence\"><\/span>John Doe Orders In Canadian Jurisprudence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Canadian Jurisprudence has adopted the \u201cdoctrine of misnomer\u201d<sup>[4]<\/sup> and \u201clitigating finger test\u201d<sup>[5]<\/sup>, though which courts are empowered to issue orders against John Does whose identity is unknown to the plaintiff at the time of instituting suit, but whose activities form part of the cause of action and fall within the scope of such action.<\/p>\n<p>This form of naming a party is considered a mere \u201cmisnomer\u201d, and as long as the \u201clitigating finger\u201d is pointed at such person then the misnomer is not fatal, rather temporary and it can be corrected upon discovery.<\/p>\n<p>The same also finds mention in <strong>Jackson v Bubela (1972)<\/strong> wherein Bull J.A. observed as follows:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u201c[t]he words \u201cJohn Doe\u201d to my mind are not restricted in connotation to a \u201cfictitious\u201d person or one not in existence. Traditionally the words were used in that limited sense in early ejectment suits, but for generations they have come to be accepted, used and understood, both in legal and common parlance as indicating a real person existing and identifiable but whose name is not known or available to the person referring to him. [\u2026] The appellant was not purporting to sue a fiction to maintain or acquire some property right as was done in ancient times. On the contrary, she was suing a living man whom she alleged was at a particular defined time and place operating a described vehicle in such a negligent manner as to cause her injuries then and there. Her litigation finger was pointed at that driver and no one else, but she did not know his name. For the purpose of this suite (and it was necessary to act quickly because of the imminent expiry of the limitation period) she gave that identifiable and identified man a name, using one that would clearly connotate to all that it did not purpose to be his real name.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3 id=\"john-doe-orders-and-actions-in-rem\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"John_Doe_Orders_And_Actions_In_Rem\"><\/span>John Doe Orders And Actions In Rem<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>It is also pertinent to take note that John Doe orders are not Actions in Rem<sup>[6]<\/sup> and the plaintiff does not bring any blanket action against the world at large, rather it is only those individuals or entities who are infringing the works of the plaintiff and remain unnamed, due to the pervading digital landscape, that would fall under its ambit.<\/p>\n<p>Under the <strong>TRIPS Agreement<\/strong>, Article 41 when read along with Articles 44 and 50, it is evidently provided that member states are obligated to ensure that enforcement procedures along the lines of equity and fairness exist under their laws to allow for effective actions against infringement which are not riddled with delays.<\/p>\n<p>The same should allow for preservation of evidence and wherever the urgency requires, <em>inaudita altera parte<\/em> or ex parte measures can also be adopted.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"adoption-of-john-doe-orders-in-india\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Adoption_Of_John_Doe_Orders_In_India\"><\/span>Adoption Of John Doe Orders In India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The genie of John Doe came to be released in the Indian jurisdiction by the Hon\u2019ble Delhi High Court in the landmark ruling of <strong>Taj Television Ltd. &amp; Anr. v. Rajan Mandal &amp; Ors<\/strong><sup>[7]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>The dispute arose at the time of the 2002 FIFA World Cup which was held in Japan and Korea. The Plaintiff had bought exclusive broadcasting rights, under Section 37 of the Copyright Act, 1957, for the World Cup to be aired on the channel called \u201cTen Sports\u201d and the said transaction was a culmination of huge investments that went into setting up the channel for allowing smooth transfer of audio-visuals and a whopping 1377 cable operators had taken license from the plaintiff to transmit the said channel to subscribers.<\/p>\n<p>However, soon after the matches started, the defendants or John Does, started engaging in the illegal transmission of the Ten Sports channel which directly sabotaged huge revenue streams to the Plaintiff.<\/p>\n<p>It was further submitted that an attempt at bringing enforcement action against such cable operators is a \u201cvirtual nightmare\u201d since evidence is often destroyed and the very fragmented framework of cable industry had provided ample room for such violations.<\/p>\n<p>The Hon\u2019ble Court also took cognizance of the fact that there was rampant infringement by cable operators across the length and breadth of India.<\/p>\n<p>To make matters worse, the most-awaited finale to the World Cup was approaching and any delay would lead to irreparable harm to the Plaintiff.<\/p>\n<p>In this backdrop, the Hon\u2019ble court invoked its inherent powers vide Section 151 of the CPC while acknowledging foreign precedents and issued the very first John Doe order, which included a Rolling Anton Piller order wherein a Court Commissioner was appointed to carry our requisite inspection, take relevant material into custody and to submit a report to the Court, on the basis of which notices would be issued to the concerned defendants.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"role-of-dot-meity-and-isps\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Role_Of_DoT_MeitY_And_Internet_Service_Providers\"><\/span>Role Of DoT, MeitY And Internet Service Providers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In such disputes, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) along with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) are often arrayed as defendants to ensure compliance with such John Doe injunctions.<\/p>\n<p>The role of these authorities is quite crucial in disabling such sites, especially considering the Hydra-headedness of rogue websites that can easily circumvent such restrictions by merely changing a single character.<\/p>\n<p>For example, where an injunction is issued against \u201cxyz.com\u201d, the admin of the said website can simply create a mirror link under the domain name \u201cxyz1.com\u201d, and completely escape the purview of the order.<\/p>\n<p>The Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are directly responsible to the DoT to ensure such violations of IP rights of proprietors does not take place on their networks.<\/p>\n<p>More particularly, the ISPs have to be proactive in relation to newer preventive remedies like Dynamic Injunctions, Dynamic+ injunctions and Superlative Injunctions.<\/p>\n<p>Their role has also been colloquially explained in an article published in the <strong>Information Technology &amp; Innovation Foundation (ITIF)<sup>[8]<\/sup>&#8211;<\/strong> \u201c<em>Every computer has an IP address, similar to a street address or telephone number. When a user connects to the Internet, every packet of data sent or received over the Internet (e.g., for emails or to view websites) carries this IP address as does every destination on the Internet. Since ISPs act as central clearing houses for users&#8217; access to the Internet, they can modify their network settings equipment to discard user requests to access IP addresses for blocked sites.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"utv-software-and-anonymous-cable-operators\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"UTV_Software_And_Anonymous_Cable_Operators\"><\/span>UTV Software And Anonymous Cable Operators<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In the case of <strong>UTV Software Communications Ltd. v. Home Cable Network Ltd. &amp; Ors. (2011)<sup>[9]<\/sup>,<\/strong> the Delhi High Court issued similar injunction orders against anonymous cable operators considering irreparable loss would be caused to the plaintiff\u2019s business not merely from unauthorized telecast of protected work, but also loss of reputation and goodwill from poor programme quality being aired to consumers by John Doe cable operators.<\/p>\n<p>The order also directed the John Doe injunction to be published in local newspapers in all states where such violation is apprehended, to give constructive notice of the same to the violators.<\/p>\n<p>Such order was similarly issued by the Hon\u2019ble Delhi High Court in another broadcasting right infringement dispute<sup>[10]<\/sup> considering that the identity of the defendants would only be ascertained at the discovery stage, and the plaintiffs therein were especially directed to amend memo of parties and substitute the \u2018John Does\u2019 with the identified defendants.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, the John Doe defendants were held to be on par with defendants already identified considering that their infringements arose from the same transaction and would be liable jointly and severally.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"dynamic-injunctions-and-online-piracy\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dynamic_Injunctions_And_Online_Piracy\"><\/span>Dynamic Injunctions And Online Piracy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Delhi High Court has been at the forefront of the fight against online piracy as the hydra-headed nature of such websites has been also addressed with the issuance of Dynamic+ Injunctions<sup>[11]<\/sup> which acts like <em>ex-ante<\/em> relief and prevents infringement of newly released works or awaited future works.<\/p>\n<p>Such orders empower the aggrieved plaintiff to implead any mirror and redirect variations of rogue websites by merely filing an application for impleadment under Order I, Rule 10 of the CPC along with the evidence supporting extension of order\u2019s ambit to such sites.<\/p>\n<p>This course of action has been observed to be necessary as the temperament of the operators of these websites has been nothing short of brazenly violative as if the internet is a lawless realm which exists out of the reach of the court of law, and furthermore, they tend to ignore endless notices sent by the proprietors requesting take down of their protected works.<\/p>\n<p>The common notion crime in the digital world is not akin to crime in the physical world needs to be deterred by such strict actions.<\/p>\n<p>John Doe orders have also been issued in instances of Trademark infringement, and especially for the protection of personality rights, in cases arising from Deep Fake videos<sup>[12]<\/sup> where the name, face and voice of popular personalities along with their associated goodwill is tapped into and illegally utilized by cryptic social media accounts to generate videos that imitate such figures and show them in a depraving light, or to break trust of their fan following by committing financial fraud.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"concerns-surrounding-john-doe-orders\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Concerns_Surrounding_John_Doe_Orders\"><\/span>Concerns Surrounding John Doe Orders<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>John Doe or Ashok Kumar orders are a creation of precedents, and the growing surge in their issuance begs the question whether the classic 3-point test for issuance of Injunction as laid in the <strong>Gujrat Bottling Co. v. Coca Cola case<sup>[13]<\/sup><\/strong> needs to be reworked when being considered in the case of John Doe infringers, rogue websites, social media accounts, etc.<\/p>\n<p>This concern was raised in the wherein it was argued that such orders are essentially vaguely worded blanket orders that tend to block entire file-sharing and hosting websites, and curb the access to genuine users who access the same for non-infringing content.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"three-point-test-for-interim-injunctions\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Three-Point_Test_For_Interim_Injunctions\"><\/span>Three-Point Test For Interim Injunctions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Courts have emphasized that where ex parte interim is sought then in addition to Prima Facie case, Balance of Convenience and Actual\/potential damage or Irreparable loss, the plaintiff would also have to make full disclosure of all material facts<sup>[14]<\/sup> supporting his case ranging from how they obtained proprietary rights, their extent, history of enforcement actions to steps taken prior to instituting suit in question.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Requirement<\/th>\n<th>Purpose<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Prima Facie Case<\/td>\n<td>Whether the plaintiff has established a sufficient case requiring interim protection.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Balance Of Convenience<\/td>\n<td>Whether the balance of convenience supports grant of interim protection.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Actual\/Potential Damage Or Irreparable Loss<\/td>\n<td>Whether refusal of injunction may result in damage or irreparable loss.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Full Disclosure Of Material Facts<\/td>\n<td>Whether the plaintiff has placed all material facts before the Court, particularly where ex parte relief is sought.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Essentially, there must be no suppression of facts which have a direct impact on the decision-making process of the courts.<\/p>\n<p>The same is again rooted in the principle of equity that those who seek equity must come to court with clean hands.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"frequently-infringing-online-locations\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Infringing_Online_Locations_And_Technical_Blocking_Measures\"><\/span>Frequently Infringing Online Locations And Technical Blocking Measures<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Frequently Infringing Online Location (FIOL) like torrent websites makes tracing the infringers even more difficult as it works on Peer to Peer (P2P) network, that is, between other users.<\/p>\n<p>Such pirated files allow any person to download protected content in small and scattered bits from multiple sources at the same time and then it assimilates into the complete pirated copy of such work.<\/p>\n<p>The following technical measures are generally employed to combat the above:<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Technical Measure<\/th>\n<th>How It Works<\/th>\n<th>Potential Concern<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>DNS Name Blocking<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>The ISP removes or modifies their records containing the infringing domain name and any traffic requesting access are rendered void or are directed to warning page.<\/td>\n<td>Access to the domain may be prevented or redirected.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>IP Address Blocking (IPB)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>ISP blacklists IP addresses instead of website name, and any requests for connection is outrightly rejected.<\/td>\n<td>Multiple websites hosted by a single IP address may be blocked, including potentially innocent websites.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) Blocking<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Helpful against encryptions and torrents. Instead of examining destination website, it inspects actual data, code or keywords to detect copyrighted material and thereafter blocks it.<\/td>\n<td>Raises concerns regarding the scope of inspection and potential over-blocking.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"dns-name-blocking\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_DNS_Name_Blocking\"><\/span>1. DNS Name Blocking<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The ISP removes or modifies their records containing the infringing domain name and any traffic requesting access are rendered void or are directed to warning page.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ip-address-blocking\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_IP_Address_Blocking_IPB\"><\/span>2. IP Address Blocking (IPB)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>ISP blacklists IP addresses instead of website name, and any requests for connection is outrightly rejected. Allows for blocking multiple websites hosted by single IP address. Potentially innocent websites run under sae IP address would also be blocked.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"deep-packet-inspection\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Deep_Packet_Inspection_DPI_Blocking\"><\/span>3. Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) Blocking<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Helpful against encryptions and torrents. Instead of examining destination website, it inspects actual data, code or keywords to detect copyrighted material and thereafter blocks it.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"over-blocking-and-freedom-of-information\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Over-Blocking_And_Freedom_Of_Information\"><\/span>Over-Blocking And Freedom Of Information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>However, the said measures have proven ineffective in ensuring that over-blocking does not take place which goes against the spirit of freedom of information.<\/p>\n<p>The Court of Justice of European Union (CJEU)<sup>[15]<\/sup> had raised such concern pertaining blanket injunctions by observing that injunctions should be \u201cstrictly targeted\u201d rather than all-encompassing, to strike a balance between 3rd party infringements and protection of freedom of information.<\/p>\n<p>Injunctions accordingly would not be effective only if the end result is complete cessation of infringements, as this result would come at the cost of blocking genuine websites and operators.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ten-point-test-for-rogue-websites\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ten-Point_Test_For_Classifying_Rogue_Websites_Or_FIOL\"><\/span>Ten-Point Test For Classifying Rogue Websites Or FIOL<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Delhi High Court, in yet another landmark case<sup>[16]<\/sup>, preferred a qualitative approach (if overwhelmingly infringing then presence of few legitimate content does not change its nature) to blocking rather than quantitative approach (where infringing content is weighed against legitimate content on website), and laid down a <strong>10-point Test<\/strong> for classifying a website as \u201cRogue website\u201d or \u201cFIOL\u201d in furtherance of such qualitative approach-<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Primary Purpose Test<\/strong> &#8211; whether the primary purpose of operating website in question is to allow for copyright infringement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Presence Of Flagrant And Open Infringement<\/strong> &#8211; Whether there is flagrant and open infringement on the website.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Registrant Information<\/strong> &#8211; Whether the details of registrant of website is encrypted and masked or is the personal information traceable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Response To Take Down Notices<\/strong> &#8211; Whether such sites have remained silent and indifferent on receipt of take down notices against their infringement activities.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Facilitation Of Infringement<\/strong> &#8211; Whether the online location provides access to directories, indexes, or categories of various means to facilitate infringement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Disregard For Copyright Laws<\/strong> &#8211; Whether the owner or operator of such site demonstrates a general disregard for copyright laws.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Previous Blocking Orders<\/strong> &#8211; Whether the access to such online websites has been previously disabled by any court, in domestic or foreign jurisdictions on grounds of copyright infringement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Circumvention Tools<\/strong> &#8211; Whether the site provides access to tools or guides on how to circumvent technological blocking measures or court orders owing to such infringement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Volume Of Traffic<\/strong> &#8211; The volume of traffic or frequency of access to such website implying its scale and impact.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Other Relevant Material<\/strong> &#8211; Any other relevant material to assess nature and operations of such site in context of copyright infringement.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"dynamic-injunctions-and-whack-a-mole-effect\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dynamic_Injunctions_And_The_%E2%80%9CWhack-A-Mole%E2%80%9D_Effect\"><\/span>Dynamic Injunctions And The \u201cWhack-A-Mole\u201d Effect<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Furthermore, the only weapon against such hydra-headed websites or \u201cwhack-a-mole\u201d effect is the aforementioned relief of Dynamic injunctions, where after an injunction is granted, the applicant would not have to return and burden the court every single time when a mirror website is created to escape from the order, and a mere affidavit to substantiate the necessity of impleading such new websites.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"bombay-high-court-ashok-kumar-injunction\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bombay_High_Court_And_Ashok_Kumar_Injunctions\"><\/span>Bombay High Court And Ashok Kumar Injunctions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Recently the Bombay HC had refused to grant Ashok Kumar injunction in a Trademark infringement dispute where the alleged infringers operated beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the Hon\u2019ble Court.<\/p>\n<p>The reasoning being that the requirements under Order XXXIX, Rule 3 of CPC and especially its proviso, even with its inherent powers under 151 CPC, cannot be fulfilled where the Plaintiff is not able to satisfy as to how, in case such ex parte order is issued, would it ensure immediate service upon the defendants in the event that they are John Does.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"safeguards-and-responsible-use-of-john-doe-injunctions\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Safeguards_And_Responsible_Use_Of_John_Doe_Injunctions\"><\/span>Safeguards And Responsible Use Of John Doe Injunctions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>While taking action against the faceless and the unknown has only been possible by way of John Doe Injunctions, such orders should not be issued hurriedly without at least directing the Plaintiffs to first send a legal notice as was highlighted in the aforementioned 10-point-test of UTV Software v. 1337x.to case and done by the proprietors in Star Ltd. Haneeth Ujwal case wherein reasonable opportunity is provided to website operators to remove or sift infringing content from the genuine one, within reasonable and only in the scenario where their indifference is exhibited, should the injunctions be issued.<\/p>\n<p>More importantly, a more proactive input from the ISPs is required especially when tools like Virtual Private Network (VPN) are available to millions online.<\/p>\n<p>While the original intent behind such tool was to protect individual privacy and prevent data theft, it is nowadays heavily misused to mask user identity of pirates i.e. their IP Addresses and bypasses geographical barriers.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, the VPN providers must be enjoined in such enforcement actions and be made subject to mandatory injunctions to ensure that the original intent behind their creation not be moulded for online piracy to flourish.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"intellectual-property-crime-units\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Intellectual_Property_Crime_Units\"><\/span>Intellectual Property Crime Units<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The states of Maharashtra and Telangana<sup>[17]<\/sup> have their very own Intellectual Property Crime Unit (IPCUs) based on the United Kingdom\u2019s IP Crime unit model and it works as a special cybercrime wing to strengthen penal actions when criminal remedies might not produce the same deterrent effect on John Doe pirates.<\/p>\n<p>Proprietors must take aid of criminal provisions under the Copyright Act, 1957 and Trade Marks Act, 1999 for a holistic action against the evil of online piracy.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"references\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"References\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Januki Kumari J.B. Rana &amp; Ors. v. Ashok Kumar and Ors., 2017 SCC OnLine Del 7533<\/li>\n<li>Anton Piller KG v. Manufacturing Processes Ltd [1976] 1 All E.R. 55 (C.A.)<\/li>\n<li>Joel v. Various John Does, 499 F. Supp. 791 (E.D. Wis. 1980)<\/li>\n<li>Lloyd v Clark, 2008 ONCA 343<\/li>\n<li>Jackson v Bubela, 1972 CanLII 978 (BC CA)<\/li>\n<li>Innovations Garment Pvt. Ltd. vs Bhavesh Ramjibhai Gada (BOM HC, Comm. IP Suit No. 80\/2025)<\/li>\n<li>[2003] F.S.R 24<\/li>\n<li><em>How Website Blocking Is Curbing Digital Piracy Without \u201cBreaking the Internet\u201d<\/em> by Mr. Nigel Cory<\/li>\n<li>CS(OS) No. 821\/2011<\/li>\n<li>Star India Pvt. Ltd. &amp; Anr. vs Haneeth Ujwal &amp; Ors. CS(OS) 2243\/2014<\/li>\n<li>Universal City Studios LLC. &amp; Ors. v. Dotmovies.baby &amp; Ors. (2023:DHC:5842)<\/li>\n<li>Ankur Warikoo v. John Doe, 2025 SCC OnLine Del 3727<\/li>\n<li>1995 SCC (5) 545<\/li>\n<li>Atyati Technologies Private Limited vs Cognizant Technology Solutions U.S. (BOM HC Comm. IP Suit (L) No. 7897 of 2024)<\/li>\n<li>UPC Telekabel v. Constantin Film, [Case C-314\/12]<\/li>\n<li>UTV Software Communications Ltd. &amp; Ors v. 1337x.to and ors. (2019 SCC Online Del 8002)<\/li>\n<li>The Hindu &#8211; Telangana Intellectual Property Crime Unit<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-orders-holding-the-anonymous-accountable\/\">John Doe Orders: Holding the Anonymous Accountable<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/infrastructure-theft-identification-and-forensic-investigation-of-telegraph-traction-wires-and-cables\/\">Infrastructure Theft: Identification and Forensic Investigation of Telegraph, Traction Wires, and Cables<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/john-doe-defendants-and-the-merger-rule\/\">John Doe Defendants and the Merger Rule<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/\">Search and Seizure Process in Copyright Infringement Cases under Indian Law<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/interlocutory-innovations-in-common-law-anton-piller-mareva-injunctions-and-john-doe-orders\/\">Interlocutory Innovations in Common Law: Anton Piller, Mareva Injunctions, and John Doe Orders in Indian Jurisprudence<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>John Doe Orders, Ashok Kumar Orders And Dynamic Injunctions In Intellectual Property Infringement The Issuance of Temporary Injunctions, under Section 36 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 read with Section 94 and Order XXXIX of the CPC, against defendants is the quickest remedy an aggrieved party can pray for during litigation, where obtaining the final<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1842,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[9211],"tags":[5149],"class_list":["post-33144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-intellectual-property-2","tag-intellectual-property"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.5) - 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