{"id":33543,"date":"2026-10-03T11:27:29","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T11:27:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=33543"},"modified":"2026-10-03T11:35:14","modified_gmt":"2026-10-03T11:35:14","slug":"understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding Doubtful Torts: Dealing with Uncertainties in Civil Wrongs"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 id=\"h-doubtful-torts\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Doubtful_Torts\"><\/span>Doubtful Torts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-introduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When one person harms or causes loss to another through a wrongful act, civil law steps in through the area known as torts. Well-known torts like negligence, defamation, trespass, and nuisance have clear rules. But the law is not always clear-cut. This is where \u201cdoubtful torts\u201d come in \u2014 cases where it is uncertain whether a legal wrong has occurred, how to define it, or whether existing rules apply.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Doubtful_Torts\" >Doubtful Torts<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#What_Is_a_Doubtful_Tort\" >What Is a Doubtful Tort?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Main_Reasons_Why_Tort_Claims_Become_Doubtful\" >Main Reasons Why Tort Claims Become Doubtful<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#How_Courts_Handle_Doubtful_Claims\" >How Courts Handle Doubtful Claims<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Step-by-Step_Approach\" >Step-by-Step Approach<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Public_Policy_And_Fairness\" >Public Policy And Fairness<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Fair_Just_And_Reasonable_Test\" >Fair, Just And Reasonable Test<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Practical_Points_For_Lawyers_And_Parties\" >Practical Points For Lawyers And Parties<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Case_Laws\" >Case Laws<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Duty_Of_Care_Careful_Growth\" >Duty Of Care &amp; Careful Growth<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Pure_Economic_Loss\" >Pure Economic Loss<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Psychiatric_Injury_Secondary_Victims\" >Psychiatric Injury (Secondary Victims)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-is-a-doubtful-tort\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_a_Doubtful_Tort\"><\/span>What Is a Doubtful Tort?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A doubtful tort is a civil claim where it is unclear whether a recognised civil wrong has actually taken place. Unlike established torts with firm rules built over many years, doubtful torts sit at the edge of the law, where liability is still being tested or expanded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These uncertainties usually arise in three main situations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Situation<\/th><th>Explanation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>New Situations<\/strong><\/td><td>Cases involving new technology, changing social norms, or modern business practices that older tort law never considered.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Conflicting Principles<\/strong><\/td><td>Cases where two established rights clash (for example, privacy versus free speech).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Unclear Legal Limits<\/strong><\/td><td>Cases where it is not clear whether breaking a specific law also gives the injured person the right to sue for damages in tort.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-main-reasons-why-tort-claims-become-doubtful\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Main_Reasons_Why_Tort_Claims_Become_Doubtful\"><\/span>Main Reasons Why Tort Claims Become Doubtful<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several factors make a claim \u201cdoubtful\u201d in the eyes of the court:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>New technology<\/strong> \u2013 Digital platforms, artificial intelligence, automated decisions, and cyber threats often make it hard to apply traditional rules about duty of care, cause, and damage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pure financial loss<\/strong> \u2013 Courts easily award damages for physical injury or property damage, but claims for pure money loss without any physical harm often fall into a grey area.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mental harm<\/strong> \u2013 Claims for emotional distress or pure psychiatric injury (especially for people who were not the primary victim) face strict tests, so liability can remain uncertain until the case is fully argued.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Overlap with other areas of law<\/strong> \u2013 It is sometimes unclear whether the problem should be treated as a breach of contract, a breach of statute, or a separate tort. This creates confusion about the proper legal path.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-how-courts-handle-doubtful-claims\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Courts_Handle_Doubtful_Claims\"><\/span>How Courts Handle Doubtful Claims<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Courts do not automatically reject a claim just because it is new or lacks clear precedent. Instead, judges usually follow structured tests to decide whether the law should recognise a new duty or extend an existing one:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-step-by-step-approach\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step-by-Step_Approach\"><\/span>Step-by-Step Approach<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Courts prefer to develop the law slowly and carefully by comparing the new case to existing principles rather than creating wide new categories of liability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-public-policy-and-fairness\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Public_Policy_And_Fairness\"><\/span>Public Policy And Fairness<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Judges consider whether allowing the claim would open the floodgates to too many lawsuits or place an unfair burden on people, businesses, or public bodies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-fair-just-and-reasonable-test\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fair_Just_And_Reasonable_Test\"><\/span>Fair, Just And Reasonable Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In negligence cases, courts ask whether it is fair, just, and reasonable in the particular circumstances to place a legal duty of care on the defendant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-practical-points-for-lawyers-and-parties\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Practical_Points_For_Lawyers_And_Parties\"><\/span>Practical Points For Lawyers And Parties<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When dealing with a doubtful tort, both sides need to think carefully:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Plead alternative claims<\/strong> \u2013 Claimants often include well-established torts or contract claims alongside the novel claim. This reduces the risk of the whole case being thrown out early.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Higher cost risk<\/strong> \u2013 Pursuing a doubtful tort carries a greater chance of having to pay the other side\u2019s legal costs if the court decides the claim has no proper legal basis.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Settlements are common<\/strong> \u2013 Because the outcome is unpredictable for both parties, many of these cases settle out of court before a full trial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also Read: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/special-leave-petition-slp-supreme-court-faq\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Special Leave Petition (SLP) in Supreme Court \u2013 Complete FAQs Guide<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-case-laws\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_Laws\"><\/span>Case Laws<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Courts have explained the limits of doubtful torts through important decisions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Legal Issue<\/th><th>Case<\/th><th>Principle<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Duty of Care &amp; Careful Growth<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Caparo Industries plc v Dickman<\/em> [1990]<\/td><td>The House of Lords set a three-part test: (1) Was the harm foreseeable? (2) Was there a close relationship between the parties? (3) Is it fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty? The court also said tort law should grow slowly and step by step, not in big leaps.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pure Economic Loss<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Hedley Byrne &amp; Co Ltd v Heller &amp; Partners Ltd<\/em> [1964]<\/td><td>The court allowed recovery of pure financial loss in limited cases \u2014 when someone gives careless advice, accepts responsibility for it, and the other person reasonably relies on that advice.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pure Economic Loss<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Spartan Steel &amp; Alloys Ltd v Martin &amp; Co<\/em> [1973]<\/td><td>The courts confirmed the general rule that pure money loss without any physical injury or property damage is usually not recoverable.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pure Economic Loss<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Murphy v Brentwood District Council<\/em> [1991]<\/td><td>The courts confirmed the general rule: pure money loss without any physical injury or property damage is usually not recoverable.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Psychiatric Injury \u2014 Secondary Victims<\/strong><\/td><td><em>McLoughlin v O\u2019Brian<\/em> [1983]<\/td><td>The case first expanded liability for people who suffer mental harm from seeing injury to others.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Psychiatric Injury \u2014 Secondary Victims<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police<\/em> [1992]<\/td><td>The court set strict rules: the claimant must have close family ties with the injured person, be near the event or its immediate aftermath, and see or hear it directly with their own senses.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Psychiatric Injury \u2014 Medical Negligence<\/strong><\/td><td><em>Paul v Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust<\/em> [2024]<\/td><td>The UK Supreme Court further limited these claims, saying they normally do not apply when someone witnesses a death or illness caused by medical negligence rather than a sudden external accident.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-duty-of-care-amp-careful-growth\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Duty_Of_Care_Careful_Growth\"><\/span>Duty Of Care &amp; Careful Growth<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <em>Caparo Industries plc v Dickman<\/em> [1990], the House of Lords set a three-part test: (1) Was the harm foreseeable? (2) Was there a close relationship between the parties? (3) Is it fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty? The court also said tort law should grow slowly and step by step, not in big leaps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-pure-economic-loss\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pure_Economic_Loss\"><\/span>Pure Economic Loss<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <em>Hedley Byrne &amp; Co Ltd v Heller &amp; Partners Ltd<\/em> [1964], the court allowed recovery of pure financial loss in limited cases \u2014 when someone gives careless advice, accepts responsibility for it, and the other person reasonably relies on that advice. But in <em>Spartan Steel &amp; Alloys Ltd v Martin &amp; Co<\/em> [1973] and <em>Murphy v Brentwood District Council<\/em> [1991], the courts confirmed the general rule: pure money loss without any physical injury or property damage is usually not recoverable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-psychiatric-injury-secondary-victims\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Psychiatric_Injury_Secondary_Victims\"><\/span>Psychiatric Injury (Secondary Victims)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>McLoughlin v O\u2019Brian<\/em> [1983] first expanded liability for people who suffer mental harm from seeing injury to others. Later, <em>Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police<\/em> [1992] set strict rules: the claimant must have close family ties with the injured person, be near the event or its immediate aftermath, and see or hear it directly with their own senses. In <em>Paul v Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust<\/em> [2024], the UK Supreme Court further limited these claims, saying they normally do not apply when someone witnesses a death or illness caused by medical negligence rather than a sudden external accident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Doubtful torts sit at the growing edge of civil law. As society, technology, and business practices change, the boundaries of civil liability also shift. Courts resolve these uncertainties carefully, balancing the protection of individual rights against wider public interests. 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Well-known torts like negligence, defamation, trespass, and nuisance have clear rules. But the law is not always clear-cut. This is where \u201cdoubtful torts\u201d come in \u2014 cases where it<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[99],"tags":[3552],"class_list":["post-33543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-torts-law","tag-torts-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Understanding Doubtful Torts: Dealing with Uncertainties in Civil Wrongs - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn what doubtful torts are, why tort claims become uncertain, how courts assess liability, and key case laws on duty, loss and psychiatric injury.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Understanding Doubtful Torts: Dealing with Uncertainties in Civil Wrongs\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn what doubtful torts are, why tort claims become uncertain, how courts assess liability, and key case laws on duty, loss and psychiatric injury.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Legal Service India - Articles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-03T11:27:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-03T11:35:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Md. Imran Wahab\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@legalserviceind\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@legalserviceind\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Md. Imran Wahab\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/understanding-doubtful-torts-dealing-with-uncertainties-in-civil-wrongs\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Md. 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