{"id":33965,"date":"2026-10-10T10:40:43","date_gmt":"2026-10-10T10:40:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=33965"},"modified":"2026-10-10T10:46:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-10T10:46:59","slug":"domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/","title":{"rendered":"Domestic Violence Act 2005: Are Men Also Entitled to Legal Protection?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-abstract-domestic-violence-act-2005-and-gender-neutral-legal-protection\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Abstract_Domestic_Violence_Act_2005_and_Gender-Neutral_Legal_Protection\"><\/span>Abstract: Domestic Violence Act, 2005 and Gender-Neutral Legal Protection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shielding of women from Domestic violence Act 2005 was imposed to provide effective protection to women facing violence within the family.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#Abstract_Domestic_Violence_Act_2005_and_Gender-Neutral_Legal_Protection\" >Abstract: Domestic Violence Act, 2005 and Gender-Neutral Legal Protection<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#Gender-Specific_Nature_of_the_Domestic_Violence_Act_and_Constitutional_Equality\" >Gender-Specific Nature of the Domestic Violence Act and Constitutional Equality<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#Legal_Framework_and_Evidence\" >Legal Framework and Evidence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#Protection_Against_Domestic_and_Societal_Violence\" >Protection Against Domestic and Societal Violence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#State_Accountability_and_Fair_Legal_Remedies\" >State Accountability and Fair Legal Remedies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#Gender-Neutral_Remedies_Equality_and_Justice\" >Gender-Neutral Remedies, Equality and Justice<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#1_Introduction\" >1. Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#2_Research_Problem_and_Research_Questions\" >2. Research Problem and Research Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#21_Research_Problem\" >2.1 Research Problem<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#22_Research_Questions\" >2.2 Research Questions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#3_Objectives_of_the_Study\" >3. Objectives of the Study<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#31_To_Understand_the_Nature_of_Domestic_Violence\" >3.1 To Understand the Nature of Domestic Violence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#32_To_Examine_the_Protection_of_Women_from_Domestic_Violence_Act_2005\" >3.2 To Examine the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#33_To_Understand_the_Women-Specific_Nature_of_the_Act\" >3.3 To Understand the Women-Specific Nature of the Act<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#34_To_Analyse_Article_14\" >3.4 To Analyse Article 14<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#35_To_Analyse_Article_153\" >3.5 To Analyse Article 15(3)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#36_To_Examine_Article_16\" >3.6 To Examine Article 16<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#37_To_Examine_Important_Judicial_Decisions\" >3.7 To Examine Important Judicial Decisions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#38_To_Suggest_Possible_Legal_Reforms\" >3.8 To Suggest Possible Legal Reforms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#4_Research_Methodology\" >4. Research Methodology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#5_Main_Discussion_and_Legal_Analysis\" >5. Main Discussion and Legal Analysis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#51_Meaning_and_Nature_of_Domestic_Violence\" >5.1 Meaning and Nature of Domestic Violence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#52_Why_Was_a_Special_Law_Made_for_Women\" >5.2 Why Was a Special Law Made for Women?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#53_Article_14_and_Equality\" >5.3 Article 14 and Equality<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#54_Article_153_and_Special_Protection_for_Women\" >5.4 Article 15(3) and Special Protection for Women<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#55_Article_16_and_Its_Limited_Relevance\" >5.5 Article 16 and Its Limited Relevance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#56_Legal_Position_of_Male_Victims\" >5.6 Legal Position of Male Victims<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#57_General_Criminal_Law_and_Domestic_Violence_Remedies\" >5.7 General Criminal Law and Domestic Violence Remedies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#58_Protection_of_Women_Must_Not_Be_Weakened\" >5.8 Protection of Women Must Not Be Weakened<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#6_Relevant_Statutory_and_Judicial_Analysis\" >6. Relevant Statutory and Judicial Analysis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#61_Protection_of_Women_from_Domestic_Violence_Act_2005\" >6.1 Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#62_Hiral_P_Harsora_v_Kusum_Narottamdas_Harsora\" >6.2 Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#63_Satish_Chander_Ahuja_v_Sneha_Ahuja\" >6.3 Satish Chander Ahuja v. Sneha Ahuja<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#7_Findings_and_Observations\" >7. Findings and Observations<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#71_The_PWDVA_Is_Primarily_a_Women-Oriented_Statute\" >7.1 The PWDVA Is Primarily a Women-Oriented Statute<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#72_The_Act_Is_Not_Completely_Gender-Neutral\" >7.2 The Act Is Not Completely Gender-Neutral<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#73_Harsora_Expanded_the_Respondent_Side\" >7.3 Harsora Expanded the Respondent Side<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#74_Article_14_Does_Not_Automatically_Invalidate_the_PWDVA\" >7.4 Article 14 Does Not Automatically Invalidate the PWDVA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#75_A_Legal_and_Policy_Gap_Nevertheless_Exists\" >7.5 A Legal and Policy Gap Nevertheless Exists<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#76_Article_16_Has_Limited_Relevance\" >7.6 Article 16 Has Limited Relevance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#77_Misuse_and_Genuine_Victimhood_Are_Separate_Issues\" >7.7 Misuse and Genuine Victimhood Are Separate Issues<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-42\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#78_Equality_Should_Not_Require_the_Removal_of_Womens_Protection\" >7.8 Equality Should Not Require the Removal of Women&#8217;s Protection<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-43\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#8_Suggestions_for_Legal_Reform\" >8. Suggestions for Legal Reform<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-44\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#81_Introduction_of_a_Gender-Neutral_Civil_Protection_Law\" >8.1 Introduction of a Gender-Neutral Civil Protection Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-45\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#82_Strengthening_Existing_Remedies\" >8.2 Strengthening Existing Remedies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-46\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#83_Judicial_Safeguards\" >8.3 Judicial Safeguards<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-47\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#84_Awareness_and_Training\" >8.4 Awareness and Training<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-48\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#11_Conclusion\" >11. Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-49\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#8_Suggestions_for_Legal_Reform-2\" >8. Suggestions for Legal Reform<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-50\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#81_Introduction_of_a_Gender-Neutral_Civil_Protection_Law-2\" >8.1 Introduction of a Gender-Neutral Civil Protection Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-51\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#82_Strengthening_Existing_Remedies-2\" >8.2 Strengthening Existing Remedies<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-52\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#Police_Response\" >Police Response<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-53\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#Civil_Protection\" >Civil Protection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-54\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#Legal_Aid\" >Legal Aid<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-55\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#83_Judicial_Safeguards-2\" >8.3 Judicial Safeguards<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-56\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#84_Awareness_and_Training-2\" >8.4 Awareness and Training<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-57\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/domestic-violence-act-2005-are-men-also-entitled-to-legal-protection\/#11_Conclusion-2\" >11. Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Act has defined in different form of Abuse, including physical, verbal, emotional and economic abuse. 1 The primary protection is available to women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The circumstances raise controversy that is it neutral? And whether male victim will be equally &amp; Legally protected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Looking at such circumstances, there is a need to re-examine whether the Act is consistent with the constitutional principles of equality and equal protection under the law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is also necessary to observe whether the absence of a similar comprehensive statutory remedy for male victims creates a gap in state accountability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-gender-specific-nature-of-the-domestic-violence-act-and-constitutional-equality\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gender-Specific_Nature_of_the_Domestic_Violence_Act_and_Constitutional_Equality\"><\/span>Gender-Specific Nature of the Domestic Violence Act and Constitutional Equality<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hence, it needs to be re-examined whether the gender-specific nature of the Domestic Violence Act, its relationship with Article 14 and Article 16 of the Constitution, and the requirement for equal protection against domestic violence irrespective of gender are justified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-legal-framework-and-evidence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Framework_and_Evidence\"><\/span>Legal Framework and Evidence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is based on constitutional provisions, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, judicial decisions, legal articles, and secondary sources of evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-protection-against-domestic-and-societal-violence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Protection_Against_Domestic_and_Societal_Violence\"><\/span>Protection Against Domestic and Societal Violence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On going through all the protection procedures for women from domestic and societal violence, such protection is justified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, men and other family members should also be provided with legal remedies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-state-accountability-and-fair-legal-remedies\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"State_Accountability_and_Fair_Legal_Remedies\"><\/span>State Accountability and Fair Legal Remedies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Governance requires the State to respond fairly to genuine victims while preventing the misuse of legal provisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The female gender is sensitive, but fair legal measures can protect women while also ensuring that the male gender should not be ignored.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-gender-neutral-remedies-equality-and-justice\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gender-Neutral_Remedies_Equality_and_Justice\"><\/span>Gender-Neutral Remedies, Equality and Justice<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A gender-neutral remedy would provide equality, justice, accountability, and public confidence in the legal system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-1-introduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Introduction\"><\/span>1. Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Home is generally understood as a place of safety and security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, for many people, the family home can become a place of fear, abuse and control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Domestic violence is not limited to physical assault. It may include sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse, economic abuse, threats, intimidation and other forms of harmful conduct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To address domestic violence against women, India enacted the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA), which came into force on 26 October 2006. <sup>2<\/sup> The Act provides several forms of relief, including protection orders, residence orders, monetary relief, custody orders, compensation and interim orders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The enactment of the PWDVA was based on the recognition that women have historically faced violence and unequal treatment within domestic and family relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 15(3) of the Constitution permits the State to make special provisions for women and children, while Article 14 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws. <sup>4<\/sup> This creates an important constitutional and policy question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a man, elderly person or another member of a family becomes a genuine victim of domestic violence, does the present legal framework provide the same comprehensive protection? The answer is not completely affirmative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The PWDVA is principally a women-oriented statute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 2(a) defines an &#8220;aggrieved person&#8221; as a woman who is, or has been, in a domestic relationship with the respondent and alleges that she has been subjected to domestic violence. <sup>5<\/sup> A male victim may rely on general criminal law, civil remedies and other applicable laws, but he does not have the same status as an &#8220;aggrieved person&#8221; under the PWDVA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This does not necessarily mean that the PWDVA is unconstitutional or unjustified. A law may constitutionally provide special protection to a group that faces a particular form of social disadvantage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 15(3) expressly permits the State to make special provisions for women and children. <sup>6<\/sup> However, the existence of special protection for women also raises a broader question: whether the legal system should provide appropriate remedies to other genuine victims without weakening the protection available to women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This research therefore examines the gender-specific nature of the PWDVA, its relationship with Articles 14 and 15(3) of the Constitution, the limited relevance of Article 16, and the significance of the Supreme Court&#8217;s decision in <em>Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/em>. <sup>7<\/sup> It also considers whether India should introduce additional gender-neutral remedies for victims of domestic violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-2-research-problem-and-research-questions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Research_Problem_and_Research_Questions\"><\/span>2. Research Problem and Research Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-1-research-problem\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"21_Research_Problem\"><\/span>2.1 Research Problem<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The principal research problem is the difference between the legal protection available to women under the PWDVA and the remedies available to male victims of domestic violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 2(a) of the PWDVA defines an &#8220;aggrieved person&#8221; as a woman who is, or has been, in a domestic relationship with the respondent and alleges that she has been subjected to domestic violence. <sup>8<\/sup> Consequently, a male victim cannot ordinarily invoke the PWDVA in the capacity of an aggrieved person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He may, however, have remedies under other criminal, civil or family laws depending upon the facts of the case. <sup>9<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The central issue is therefore not whether women should receive special protection. The more difficult question is whether the absence of a comparable comprehensive statutory remedy for other genuine victims creates a gap in the legal system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-2-research-questions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"22_Research_Questions\"><\/span>2.2 Research Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This study addresses the following questions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 gender-neutral or women-specific?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can male victims obtain the same legal remedies under the existing legal framework?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does the women-specific nature of the PWDVA raise an issue under Article 14?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does Article 15(3) constitutionally support special protection for women?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the relevance of Article 16 to domestic violence?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What did the Supreme Court decide in <em>Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/em>?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does the absence of comparable remedies for male victims create a legal or policy gap?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Should India introduce additional gender-neutral domestic violence remedies while retaining the special protection available to women?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-3-objectives-of-the-study\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Objectives_of_the_Study\"><\/span>3. Objectives of the Study<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-1-to-understand-the-nature-of-domestic-violence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"31_To_Understand_the_Nature_of_Domestic_Violence\"><\/span>3.1 To Understand the Nature of Domestic Violence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To examine domestic violence as conduct that may involve physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic abuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-2-to-examine-the-protection-of-women-from-domestic-violence-act-2005\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"32_To_Examine_the_Protection_of_Women_from_Domestic_Violence_Act_2005\"><\/span>3.2 To Examine the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To analyse important provisions of the Act, including Sections 2, 3, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-3-to-understand-the-women-specific-nature-of-the-act\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"33_To_Understand_the_Women-Specific_Nature_of_the_Act\"><\/span>3.3 To Understand the Women-Specific Nature of the Act<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To examine why the legislature enacted a women-oriented law and whether the existing framework adequately addresses the needs of other genuine victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-4-to-analyse-article-14\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"34_To_Analyse_Article_14\"><\/span>3.4 To Analyse Article 14<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-5-to-analyse-article-15-3\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"35_To_Analyse_Article_153\"><\/span>3.5 To Analyse Article 15(3)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To understand how Article 15(3), which permits special provisions for women and children, supports protective legislation such as the PWDVA. <sup>12<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-6-to-examine-article-16\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"36_To_Examine_Article_16\"><\/span>3.6 To Examine Article 16<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To explain why Article 16 has limited relevance because it primarily concerns equality of opportunity in public employment. <sup>13<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-7-to-examine-important-judicial-decisions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"37_To_Examine_Important_Judicial_Decisions\"><\/span>3.7 To Examine Important Judicial Decisions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To analyse decisions including <em>Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/em> and <em>Satish Chander Ahuja v. Sneha Ahuja<\/em>. <sup>14<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-8-to-suggest-possible-legal-reforms\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"38_To_Suggest_Possible_Legal_Reforms\"><\/span>3.8 To Suggest Possible Legal Reforms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To consider reforms that can protect women effectively while ensuring that other genuine victims also have meaningful legal remedy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-4-research-methodology\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Research_Methodology\"><\/span>4. Research Methodology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This study adopts a doctrinal method of legal research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The research primarily relies upon primary and secondary legal sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Primary sources include the Constitution of India, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and relevant judicial decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Secondary sources include legal commentaries, research articles, law books, government publications and recognised legal databases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The principal constitutional provisions considered in this research are Articles 14, 15(3) and 21. <sup>32<\/sup> Article 16 is also discussed because of its relevance to the research question, although its direct connection with domestic violence is limited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The study is qualitative rather than statistical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It examines statutory language, constitutional principles, judicial interpretation and the remedies available to different categories of victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective is not to argue for the removal of special protection available to women. Instead, the study seeks to examine whether the existing legal framework can be supplemented so that all genuine victims have access to appropriate legal remedies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-5-main-discussion-and-legal-analysis\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Main_Discussion_and_Legal_Analysis\"><\/span>5. Main Discussion and Legal Analysis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-1-meaning-and-nature-of-domestic-violence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"51_Meaning_and_Nature_of_Domestic_Violence\"><\/span>5.1 Meaning and Nature of Domestic Violence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Domestic violence is a broad concept and cannot be reduced to physical assault.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 3 of the PWDVA expressly recognises several forms of domestic violence, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse, and economic abuse. 10 Physical abuse includes conduct causing bodily pain, injury or danger to life, limb or health. 15 Sexual abuse includes conduct of a sexual nature that abuses, humiliates, degrades or otherwise violates the dignity of the woman. 16 Verbal and emotional abuse may include insults, ridicule, humiliation, name-calling and repeated threats. 17 Economic abuse may involve deprivation of financial resources, household necessities, maintenance or property connected with the domestic relationship. 18 The statutory definition demonstrates that domestic violence may exist even where there is no obvious physical injury. 19 Emotional, financial and psychological forms of abuse are also recognised within the statutory framework. 20<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-2-why-was-a-special-law-made-for-women\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"52_Why_Was_a_Special_Law_Made_for_Women\"><\/span>5.2 Why Was a Special Law Made for Women?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The women-specific nature of the PWDVA is closely connected with the historical and social circumstances surrounding violence against women in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women may experience domestic violence in situations involving dowry demands, economic dependence, unequal family relationships, social pressure and concerns relating to residence, financial security and children. 21 The legislative scheme of the PWDVA reflects an attempt to provide women with protection against violence occurring within domestic relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The legislature therefore considered a special legal framework necessary to provide effective protection to women facing violence within domestic relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Preamble of the PWDVA states that the legislation is intended to provide more effective protection of the rights of women who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family. 22 Therefore, the women-specific nature of the statute has a clear legislative purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The mere fact that a law gives special protection to women does not automatically make it discriminatory. The Constitution itself permits special provisions for women under Article 15(3). 23<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-3-article-14-and-equality\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"53_Article_14_and_Equality\"><\/span>5.3 Article 14 and Equality<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 14 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws. 24 8 Constitutional equality does not necessarily require identical treatment of every person in every situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indian constitutional jurisprudence recognises reasonable classification, provided that the classification is founded on an intelligible differentia and the differentia has a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved. 11 In <em>Budhan Choudhry v. State of Bihar<\/em>, the Supreme Court explained the traditional test of reasonable classification under Article 14. 25 In the context of domestic violence, women have been treated as a specially protected group because the legislature identified particular social conditions affecting women. 26 Article 15(3) further recognises the constitutional legitimacy of special provisions for women. 27 Accordingly, the existence of a women-specific domestic violence statute does not by itself establish a violation of Article 14. 28 However, a separate question remains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even if special protection for women is constitutionally permissible, should the State also provide an effective remedy to other genuine victims?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 14 does not necessarily require identical legislation for men and women in every circumstance. Nevertheless, the broader principle of equality raises a legitimate policy question regarding whether similarly serious situations of victimisation are being addressed adequately by the legal system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-4-article-15-3-and-special-protection-for-women\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"54_Article_153_and_Special_Protection_for_Women\"><\/span>5.4 Article 15(3) and Special Protection for Women<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 15(3) provides that nothing in Article 15 shall prevent the State from making special provisions for women and children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This constitutional provision provides an important basis for protective legislation directed towards women. The PWDVA can therefore be understood as protective legislation29 intended to address a particular social problem affecting women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court has recognised that Article 15(3) permits the State to make special provisions for women and children and that such provisions may constitute affirmative or protective measures. 30 The existence of allegations that a protective law may sometimes be misused cannot, by itself, justify removing the protection available to genuine victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Allegations of misuse must be examined according to the facts of individual cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consequently, the constitutional debate should not be framed as a choice between equality and women&#8217;s protection. It is possible to preserve special protection for women while simultaneously considering additional remedies for other victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-5-article-16-and-its-limited-relevance\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"55_Article_16_and_Its_Limited_Relevance\"><\/span>5.5 Article 16 and Its Limited Relevance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 16 primarily guarantees equality of opportunity in matters relating to public employment and appointment to offices under the State. 31 Domestic violence ordinarily does not concern public employment or appointment to public office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, Article 16 has limited direct relevance to the constitutional validity of the PWDVA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The more relevant constitutional provisions are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Article 14 \u2013 equality before law and equal protection of laws;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Article 15(3) \u2013 permission to make special provisions for women and children; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Article 21 \u2013 protection of life and personal liberty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10 Thus, Article 14 and Article 15(3) are considerably more important to the present research question than Article 16.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-6-legal-position-of-male-victims\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"56_Legal_Position_of_Male_Victims\"><\/span>5.6 Legal Position of Male Victims<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the principal limitations of the PWDVA arises from Section 2(a), which defines an &#8220;aggrieved person&#8221; as a woman. 33 Therefore, a man subjected to domestic violence does not ordinarily obtain the status of an aggrieved person under the PWDVA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending upon the facts, he may have remedies under general criminal law, civil law or other applicable legislation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, those remedies do not necessarily provide the same combination of relief available under the PWDVA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This distinction is significant because the PWDVA provides a specialised framework addressing violence within domestic relationships and offers several forms of relief before a Magistrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-7-general-criminal-law-and-domestic-violence-remedies\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"57_General_Criminal_Law_and_Domestic_Violence_Remedies\"><\/span>5.7 General Criminal Law and Domestic Violence Remedies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It may be argued that male victims already have access to criminal law and therefore do not require a separate legal framework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This argument has some force, particularly where the conduct constitutes a criminal offence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) now constitutes the principal general criminal statute, while the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) governs criminal procedure. 35 However, criminal law and the PWDVA serve different purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Criminal law primarily addresses criminal offences and their consequences, whereas the PWDVA provides a protective and remedial framework concerning domestic relationships. 34 The PWDVA permits relief relating to protection, residence, monetary assistance, custody and compensation. 3 Therefore, simply stating that a male victim can approach the police does not completely resolve the issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A criminal prosecution and a comprehensive domestic violence protection framework are not necessarily equivalent remedies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-8-protection-of-women-must-not-be-weakened\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"58_Protection_of_Women_Must_Not_Be_Weakened\"><\/span>5.8 Protection of Women Must Not Be Weakened<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Any discussion of gender-neutral protection must recognise the continuing need for effective protection of women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The existence of a legal gap for male or other victims does not mean that the PWDVA should be repealed or that women&#8217;s protection should be reduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A more balanced approach would preserve the existing women-specific framework while considering additional remedies for other genuine victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objective should therefore be protection plus equality, rather than replacing one form of protection with another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-6-relevant-statutory-and-judicial-analysis\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Relevant_Statutory_and_Judicial_Analysis\"><\/span>6. Relevant Statutory and Judicial Analysis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-6-1-protection-of-women-from-domestic-violence-act-2005\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"61_Protection_of_Women_from_Domestic_Violence_Act_2005\"><\/span>6.1 Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Several provisions of the PWDVA are particularly relevant:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Statutory Provision<\/th><th>Legal Significance<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Section 2(a)<\/td><td>Defines an &#8220;aggrieved person&#8221; as a woman who is or has been in a domestic relationship and alleges domestic violence.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 3<\/td><td>Defines domestic violence and recognises physical, sexual, verbal, emotional and economic abuse.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 12<\/td><td>Provides for an application to the Magistrate seeking relief under the Act. 40<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 17<\/td><td>Recognises the right of residence in the shared household. 41<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 18<\/td><td>Provides for protection orders. 42<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 19<\/td><td>Provides for residence orders. 43<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 20<\/td><td>Provides for monetary relief. 44<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 21<\/td><td>Provides for custody orders. 45<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 22<\/td><td>Provides for compensation orders. 3746<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Section 23<\/td><td>Gives the Magistrate power to grant interim and ex parte orders. 47<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taken together, these provisions demonstrate that the PWDVA provides a comprehensive protective framework for women facing domestic violence. 36<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-6-2-hiral-p-harsora-v-kusum-narottamdas-harsora\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"62_Hiral_P_Harsora_v_Kusum_Narottamdas_Harsora\"><\/span>6.2 Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court&#8217;s decision in <em>Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/em>, (2016) 10 SCC 165, is particularly significant. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before the judgment, Section 2(q) of the PWDVA defined &#8220;respondent&#8221; by reference to an &#8220;adult male person&#8221;. 49 The Supreme Court struck down the words &#8220;adult male&#8221; from Section 2(q). 50 The Court held that the offending words were unconstitutional and severable from the provision. 51 As a result, the scope of persons who could be respondents under the PWDVA was expanded beyond adult males.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The decision is important for understanding the distinction between the victim side and the respondent side of the PWDVA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The judgment did not convert Section 2(a) into a gender-neutral provision. 52 The Court&#8217;s decision concerned the definition of &#8220;respondent&#8221; in Section 2(q), not the statutory definition of &#8220;aggrieved person&#8221; in Section 2(a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, after Harsora, a woman may, where the statutory requirements are satisfied, proceed against a female family member or another person falling within the scope of the Act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the principal victim-oriented protection under Section 2(a) continues to be directed towards women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This distinction is central to the present research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-6-3-satish-chander-ahuja-v-sneha-ahuja\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"63_Satish_Chander_Ahuja_v_Sneha_Ahuja\"><\/span>6.3 Satish Chander Ahuja v. Sneha Ahuja<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <em>Satish Chander Ahuja v. Sneha Ahuja<\/em>, (2021) 1 SCC 414, the Supreme Court examined the meaning and scope of the expression &#8220;shared household&#8221; under the PWDVA. 53<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court rejected an unduly narrow interpretation of &#8220;shared household&#8221; and held that the expression must be understood in light of the statutory scheme of the PWDVA. 54 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The decision illustrates the importance of the residence-related remedies provided by the PWDVA and demonstrates the significance of the Act&#8217;s protections concerning women within domestic relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-7-findings-and-observations\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Findings_and_Observations\"><\/span>7. Findings and Observations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The analysis leads to the following findings:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-7-1-the-pwdva-is-primarily-a-women-oriented-statute\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"71_The_PWDVA_Is_Primarily_a_Women-Oriented_Statute\"><\/span>7.1 The PWDVA Is Primarily a Women-Oriented Statute<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Section 2(a) expressly defines the aggrieved person as a woman. 3855 Therefore, the principal victim-oriented protection under the Act is women-specific.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-7-2-the-act-is-not-completely-gender-neutral\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"72_The_Act_Is_Not_Completely_Gender-Neutral\"><\/span>7.2 The Act Is Not Completely Gender-Neutral<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the definition of domestic violence covers different forms of abuse, the principal person entitled to seek the statutory remedies is a woman. 39<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-7-3-harsora-expanded-the-respondent-side\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"73_Harsora_Expanded_the_Respondent_Side\"><\/span>7.3 Harsora Expanded the Respondent Side<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court removed the words &#8220;adult male&#8221; from Section 2(q). 57 Therefore, respondents under the Act are not restricted to adult males.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, this judgment did not make the victim side of the Act gender-neutral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-7-4-article-14-does-not-automatically-invalidate-the-pwdva\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"74_Article_14_Does_Not_Automatically_Invalidate_the_PWDVA\"><\/span>7.4 Article 14 Does Not Automatically Invalidate the PWDVA<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A women-specific protective law is not automatically unconstitutional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reasonable classification is constitutionally permissible, and Article 15(3) expressly permits special provisions for women. 59<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-7-5-a-legal-and-policy-gap-nevertheless-exists\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"75_A_Legal_and_Policy_Gap_Nevertheless_Exists\"><\/span>7.5 A Legal and Policy Gap Nevertheless Exists<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Male victims may have access to criminal and civil remedies, but they do not ordinarily have access to the same comprehensive statutory framework available to women under the PWDVA. 56 This raises a legitimate question for legislative policy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-7-6-article-16-has-limited-relevance\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"76_Article_16_Has_Limited_Relevance\"><\/span>7.6 Article 16 Has Limited Relevance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 16 concerns public employment and therefore does not provide the principal constitutional framework for analysing domestic violence legislation. 60<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-7-7-misuse-and-genuine-victimhood-are-separate-issues\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"77_Misuse_and_Genuine_Victimhood_Are_Separate_Issues\"><\/span>7.7 Misuse and Genuine Victimhood Are Separate Issues<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible misuse of a protective law should be addressed through appropriate judicial safeguards and case-specific examination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should not result in the denial of protection to genuine victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Supreme Court has repeatedly cautioned that allegations of misuse should not be used as a basis for invalidating or defeating legitimate legal protection. 61<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-7-8-equality-should-not-require-the-removal-of-women-s-protection\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"78_Equality_Should_Not_Require_the_Removal_of_Womens_Protection\"><\/span>7.8 Equality Should Not Require the Removal of Women&#8217;s Protection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The preferable approach is to retain effective protection for women while developing suitable remedies for other genuine victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-8-suggestions-for-legal-reform\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Suggestions_for_Legal_Reform\"><\/span>8. Suggestions for Legal Reform<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The existing framework demonstrates the continuing importance of the PWDVA while also highlighting the need to consider remedies for other victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-8-1-introduction-of-a-gender-neutral-civil-protection-law\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"81_Introduction_of_a_Gender-Neutral_Civil_Protection_Law\"><\/span>8.1 Introduction of a Gender-Neutral Civil Protection Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parliament could consider introducing a separate gender-neutral domestic violence protection framework covering victims irrespective of gender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such legislation could include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A gender-neutral definition of an aggrieved person;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Recognition of physical, sexual, emotional, verbal and economic abuse;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection orders;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Residence-related relief;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monetary relief;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Appropriate custody-related orders;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compensation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interim and urgent protection; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A simplified procedure before the appropriate court or Magistrate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such a framework could operate alongside the PWDVA rather than replacing it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This would allow the State to retain special protection for women under Article 15(3) while ensuring that other genuine victims are not left without appropriate civil remedies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-8-2-strengthening-existing-remedies\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"82_Strengthening_Existing_Remedies\"><\/span>8.2 Strengthening Existing Remedies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until a separate framework is considered, existing legal remedies can be strengthened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Police response:<\/strong> Police authorities should respond appropriately to complaints made by male victims where the facts disclose a cognisable offence under applicable law. 58<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Civil protection:<\/strong> Victims who do not fall within the PWDVA should have accessible mechanisms for seeking urgent civil protection where appropriate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Legal aid:<\/strong> Legal Services Authorities can ensure that eligible victims, irrespective of gender, are informed about available legal remedies and legal aid. 63 The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provides the statutory framework for legal services to eligible persons. 62<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-8-3-judicial-safeguards\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"83_Judicial_Safeguards\"><\/span>8.3 Judicial Safeguards<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Courts can maintain a balance between effective protection and procedural fairness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cases should be examined on their individual facts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Genuine allegations should receive appropriate protection, while deliberately false or malicious proceedings can be dealt with according to law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The focus should be on preventing misuse without undermining the purpose of protective legislation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-8-4-awareness-and-training\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"84_Awareness_and_Training\"><\/span>8.4 Awareness and Training<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Awareness and training should be strengthened for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Police officers;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection officers;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lawyers;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Judicial officers; and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legal aid authorities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such training should make clear that although the PWDVA is women-specific, domestic abuse as a social problem can affect people of different ages and genders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Law schools may also encourage discussion of both the strengths of the PWDVA and the possible gaps in protection for other victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-11-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Conclusion\"><\/span>11. Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Domestic violence is a serious social and legal problem that can affect women as well as other members of a family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 is an important piece of protective legislation designed to address the particular vulnerabilities faced by women in domestic relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Act is clearly women-oriented. 65 Section 2(a) defines an &#8220;aggrieved person&#8221; as a woman, and the Act provides a comprehensive range of remedies including protection, residence, monetary relief, custody and compensation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The women-specific nature of the Act does not automatically violate Article 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Constitution permits reasonable classification, and Article 15(3) expressly allows the State to make special provisions for women and children. 66 The legislative purpose and statutory scheme of the PWDVA provide the context in which its women-specific character must be assessed. 64 At the same time, the present framework leaves a significant policy question concerning other genuine victims. protection available to women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Male victims may rely on general criminal, civil or family-law remedies, but they do not ordinarily receive the same integrated set of remedies available under the PWDVA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The decision in Hiral P. Harsora is particularly important because it removed the words &#8220;adult male&#8221; from Section 2(q), thereby expanding the possible respondent side of the Act. 67 However, it did not make the victim side of the statute gender-neutral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The better approach is therefore not to weaken or remove the protection available to women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead, India can consider developing additional gender-neutral remedies for other genuine victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such reforms would allow the legal system to pursue two objectives simultaneously: special protection for women where constitutionally and socially justified, and meaningful access to justice for every genuine victim of domestic violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The broader goal should therefore be &#8220;protection plus equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-8-suggestions-for-legal-reform-0\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Suggestions_for_Legal_Reform-2\"><\/span>8. Suggestions for Legal Reform<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The existing framework demonstrates the continuing importance of the PWDVA while also highlighting the need to consider remedies for other victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-8-1-introduction-of-a-gender-neutral-civil-protection-law-0\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"81_Introduction_of_a_Gender-Neutral_Civil_Protection_Law-2\"><\/span>8.1 Introduction of a Gender-Neutral Civil Protection Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parliament could consider introducing a separate gender-neutral domestic violence protection framework covering victims irrespective of gender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such legislation could include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A gender-neutral definition of an aggrieved person.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Recognition of physical, sexual, emotional, verbal and economic abuse.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection orders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Residence-related relief.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monetary relief.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Appropriate custody-related orders.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compensation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interim and urgent protection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A simplified procedure before the appropriate court or Magistrate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such a framework could operate alongside the PWDVA rather than replacing it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This would allow the State to retain special protection for women under Article 15(3) while ensuring that other genuine victims are not left without appropriate civil remedies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-8-2-strengthening-existing-remedies-0\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"82_Strengthening_Existing_Remedies-2\"><\/span>8.2 Strengthening Existing Remedies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until a separate framework is considered, existing legal remedies can be strengthened.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-police-response\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Police_Response\"><\/span>Police Response<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Police authorities should respond appropriately to complaints made by male victims where the facts disclose a cognisable offence under applicable law. <sup>58<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-civil-protection\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Civil_Protection\"><\/span>Civil Protection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Victims who do not fall within the PWDVA should have accessible mechanisms for seeking urgent civil protection where appropriate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 id=\"h-legal-aid\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Aid\"><\/span>Legal Aid<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Legal Services Authorities can ensure that eligible victims, irrespective of gender, are informed about available legal remedies and legal aid. <sup>63<\/sup> The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provides the statutory framework for legal services to eligible persons. <sup>62<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-8-3-judicial-safeguards-0\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"83_Judicial_Safeguards-2\"><\/span>8.3 Judicial Safeguards<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Courts can maintain a balance between effective protection and procedural fairness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cases should be examined on their individual facts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Genuine allegations should receive appropriate protection, while deliberately false or malicious proceedings can be dealt with according to law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The focus should be on preventing misuse without undermining the purpose of protective legislation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-8-4-awareness-and-training-0\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"84_Awareness_and_Training-2\"><\/span>8.4 Awareness and Training<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Awareness and training should be strengthened for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Police officers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection officers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lawyers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Judicial officers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legal aid authorities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such training should make clear that although the PWDVA is women-specific, domestic abuse as a social problem can affect people of different ages and genders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Law schools may also encourage discussion of both the strengths of the PWDVA and the possible gaps in protection for other victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-11-conclusion-0\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Conclusion-2\"><\/span>11. Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Domestic violence is a serious social and legal problem that can affect women as well as other members of a family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 is an important piece of protective legislation designed to address the particular vulnerabilities faced by women in domestic relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Act is clearly women-oriented. <sup>65<\/sup> Section 2(a) defines an &#8220;aggrieved person&#8221; as a woman, and the Act provides a comprehensive range of remedies including protection, residence, monetary relief, custody and compensation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The women-specific nature of the Act does not automatically violate Article 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Constitution permits reasonable classification, and Article 15(3) expressly allows the State to make special provisions for women and children. <sup>66<\/sup> The legislative purpose and statutory scheme of the PWDVA provide the context in which its women-specific character must be assessed. <sup>64<\/sup> At the same time, the present framework leaves a significant policy question concerning other genuine victims. protection available to women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead, India can consider developing additional gender-neutral remedies for other genuine victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such reforms would allow the legal system to pursue two objectives simultaneously: special protection for women where constitutionally and socially justified, and meaningful access to justice for every genuine victim of domestic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Male victims may rely on general criminal, civil or family-law remedies, but they do not ordinarily receive the same integrated set of remedies available under the PWDVA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The decision in <em>Hiral P. Harsora<\/em> is particularly important because it removed the words &#8220;adult male&#8221; from Section 2(q), thereby expanding the possible respondent side of the Act. <sup>67<\/sup> However, it did not make the victim side of the statute gender-neutral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The better approach is therefore not to weaken or remove the protection available to women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead, India can consider developing additional gender-neutral remedies for other genuine victims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such reforms would allow the legal system to pursue two objectives simultaneously: special protection for women where constitutionally and socially justified, and meaningful access to justice for every genuine victim of domestic violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The broader goal should therefore be &#8220;protection plus equality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>End-Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7 3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, \u00a7 1, Act No. 43 of 2005; see also \u00a7 1(3), providing that the Act shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may notify. The Act was brought into force on 26 October 2006 by S.O. 1776(E), dated 17 October 2006.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, arts. 14 and 15(3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7 2(a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, art. 15(3). To examine whether the distinction between women victims and other victims can be constitutionally justified through the doctrine of reasonable classification.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/em>, (2016) 10 SCC 165.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7 2(a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See generally Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023; and other applicable civil and family laws, depending upon the facts of the case.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, art. 15(3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, art. 16.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/em>, (2016) 10 SCC 165; <em>Satish Chander Ahuja v. Sneha Ahuja<\/em>, (2021) 1 SCC 414.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, arts. 14, 15(3) and 21.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7 3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7 3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 3(a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 3(b).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 3(c).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 3(d).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See Statement of Objects and Reasons, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Bill, 2005.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, Preamble.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, art. 15(3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, art. 14.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, art. 14; <em>Budhan Choudhry v. State of Bihar<\/em>, AIR 1955 SC 191.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Budhan Choudhry v. State of Bihar<\/em>, AIR 1955 SC 191; <em>State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar<\/em>, AIR 1952 SC 75.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Budhan Choudhry v. State of Bihar<\/em>, AIR 1955 SC 191.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, art. 15(3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, art. 15(3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, Preamble and Statement of Objects and Reasons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See, e.g., <em>Government of Andhra Pradesh v. P.B. Vijayakumar<\/em>, (1995) 4 SCC 520.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, art. 16(1).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7 2(a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7\u00a7 12, 17\u201323.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7\u00a7 18\u201323.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 12.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 17.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 18.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 19.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 20.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 21.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7\u00a7 18\u201322.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 22.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 23.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, Preamble and \u00a7\u00a7 12\u201323.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/em>, (2016) 10 SCC 165.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7 2(q), prior to the Supreme Court&#8217;s decision in <em>Harsora<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/em>, (2016) 10 SCC 165.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id.; Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7 2(a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Satish Chander Ahuja v. Sneha Ahuja<\/em>, (2021) 1 SCC 414.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 2(a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7 2(a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7 3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/em>, (2016) 10 SCC 165.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, arts. 14 and 15(3); <em>Budhan Choudhry v. State of Bihar<\/em>, AIR 1955 SC 191.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7\u00a7 2(a), 3 and 12.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, art. 16.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See, in the context of protective criminal-law provisions, <em>Sushil Kumar Sharma v. Union of India<\/em>, (2005) 6 SCC 281.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id.; Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, \u00a7 2(a). Protection relating to cognisable offences and police investigation; applicable substantive offences depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, concerning information relating to cognisable offences and police investigation; applicable substantive offences depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Id., \u00a7\u00a7 2(a), 12 and 18\u201323.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constitution of India, arts. 14 and 15(3).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, Preamble and Statement of Objects and Reasons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Hiral P. Harsora v. Kusum Narottamdas Harsora<\/em>, (2016) 10 SCC 165.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Written By: Devendra Singh Chundawat<\/strong> 4th Year BALLB,MLAU,Udaipur<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/mens-rights-against-domestic-violence-cases\/\">Men&#8217;s Rights Against Domestic Violence Cases<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/section-498a-ipc-vs-uk-domestic-abuse-act-2021-comparative-analysis\/\">When your Home is a Crime Scene Cruelty Against Women-An analysis of what India and the World have to offer<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gender-neutral-domestic-violence-laws-india\/\">Gender-Neutral Domestic Violence Laws in India: Rights of Men, Women &amp; Senior Citizens Explained<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/gender-blindness-in-gender-justice-domestic-violence-against-men-in-india\/\">Gender Blindness In Gender Justice: Domestic Violence Against Men In India<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/justice-is-not-gendered-but-our-laws-still-are\/\">Justice Is not Gendered \u2014 But Our Laws Still Are<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract: Domestic Violence Act, 2005 and Gender-Neutral Legal Protection The shielding of women from Domestic violence Act 2005 was imposed to provide effective protection to women facing violence within the family. The Act has defined in different form of Abuse, including physical, verbal, emotional and economic abuse. 1 The primary protection is available to women.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1914,"featured_media":34070,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[4798,28],"class_list":["post-33965","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-criminal-law","tag-criminal-law","tag-top-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.6 (Yoast SEO v28.6) - 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