{"id":34420,"date":"2026-10-21T10:56:30","date_gmt":"2026-10-21T10:56:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=34420"},"modified":"2026-10-21T10:59:23","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T10:59:23","slug":"salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Salmond\u2019s and Grey&#8217;s Theory of Law: Law as the Practice of Courts and Judge-Made Law"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-introduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The theories of law associated with John Salmond and John Chipman Grey place the courts and judges at the centre of understanding the nature of law. Both thinkers emphasise that law is best understood through the principles and rules actually applied by courts in the administration of justice. Their approach is closely linked to legal realism, which studies law as it operates in practice rather than as an abstract body of written rules.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Salmonds_Definition_of_Law\" >Salmond\u2019s Definition of Law<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Example\" >Example<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Greys_Definition_of_Law\" >Grey&#8217;s Definition of Law<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Example-2\" >Example<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Law_as_the_Practice_of_Courts\" >Law as the Practice of Courts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Criticism_of_Salmonds_and_Greys_Theory_of_Law\" >Criticism of Salmond\u2019s and Grey&#8217;s Theory of Law<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Overemphasis_on_Courts\" >Overemphasis on Courts<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Law_Exists_Before_Judicial_Decisions\" >Law Exists Before Judicial Decisions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Neglect_of_Legislation\" >Neglect of Legislation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Uncertainty_of_Law\" >Uncertainty of Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Judges_Do_Not_Always_Make_Law\" >Judges Do Not Always Make Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Neglect_of_Morality_and_Justice\" >Neglect of Morality and Justice<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Not_Applicable_to_All_Legal_Systems\" >Not Applicable to All Legal Systems<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Difficulty_in_Explaining_Undisputed_Laws\" >Difficulty in Explaining Undisputed Laws<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Judge-Made_Law\" >Judge-Made Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Criticism_of_Judge-Made_Law\" >Criticism of Judge-Made Law<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Violation_of_Separation_of_Powers\" >Violation of Separation of Powers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Lack_of_Democratic_Legitimacy\" >Lack of Democratic Legitimacy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Uncertainty_of_Law-2\" >Uncertainty of Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Limited_Scope\" >Limited Scope<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Retrospective_Effect\" >Retrospective Effect<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Possibility_of_Judicial_Bias\" >Possibility of Judicial Bias<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Time-Consuming_Process\" >Time-Consuming Process<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Relationship_with_Legal_Realism\" >Relationship with Legal Realism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-salmond-s-definition-of-law\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Salmonds_Definition_of_Law\"><\/span>Salmond\u2019s Definition of Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to John Salmond, law is \u201cthe body of principles recognised and applied by the State in the administration of justice.\u201d He viewed law primarily in terms of the rules that courts apply when deciding legal disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Salmond stressed that law is not merely a collection of written statutes or formal enactments. It consists of those principles that the State recognises and enforces through its judicial organs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-example\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Example\"><\/span>Example<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a court applies the established principles of contract law to resolve a dispute between two parties, it administers justice by recognising and enforcing those principles as law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-grey-s-definition-of-law\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Greys_Definition_of_Law\"><\/span>Grey&#8217;s Definition of Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John Chipman Grey defined law as the rules that the courts lay down for the determination of legal rights and duties. In his view, the true law is found in the decisions of judges rather than in statutes or textbooks alone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Grey maintained that statutes, customs and other sources of law acquire practical significance only through judicial interpretation and application. Until a court pronounces upon a matter, the law on that point remains uncertain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-example-0\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Example-2\"><\/span>Example<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When a judge interprets an ambiguous statutory provision and lays down a clear legal principle, that judicial determination becomes the operative law and guides future decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-law-as-the-practice-of-courts\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Law_as_the_Practice_of_Courts\"><\/span>Law as the Practice of Courts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This school of thought insists that the real meaning of law emerges from the way courts interpret and apply legal rules in concrete cases. Abstract rules gain practical content only when judges apply them to actual disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Judicial decisions therefore serve as the most reliable guide to what the law is. A statutory provision may appear clear on its face, yet its true scope and meaning often become apparent only through successive judicial interpretations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-criticism-of-salmond-s-and-grey-s-theory-of-law\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Criticism_of_Salmonds_and_Greys_Theory_of_Law\"><\/span>Criticism of Salmond\u2019s and Grey&#8217;s Theory of Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although Salmond\u2019s and Grey&#8217;s theories emphasise the important role of courts in defining and developing law, they have been criticised on the following grounds:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-overemphasis-on-courts\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Overemphasis_on_Courts\"><\/span>Overemphasis on Courts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The theory gives excessive importance to courts and judicial decisions while neglecting other important sources of law, such as legislation, customs and established legal principles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-law-exists-before-judicial-decisions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Law_Exists_Before_Judicial_Decisions\"><\/span>Law Exists Before Judicial Decisions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Laws do not always depend on court decisions for their existence. Statutes and customary laws may be valid and binding even when no court has interpreted or applied them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-neglect-of-legislation\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Neglect_of_Legislation\"><\/span>Neglect of Legislation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The theory, particularly Grey&#8217;s approach, places considerable emphasis on judge-made law and may underestimate the role of the legislature, which creates laws through formal enactments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-uncertainty-of-law\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uncertainty_of_Law\"><\/span>Uncertainty of Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If law is understood mainly through judicial decisions, its precise meaning may remain uncertain until a dispute reaches a court. Different judges may also interpret the same provision differently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-judges-do-not-always-make-law\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judges_Do_Not_Always_Make_Law\"><\/span>Judges Do Not Always Make Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Judges often apply existing legal rules rather than create new ones. Their primary function is to interpret and apply the law, although their decisions may also develop legal principles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-neglect-of-morality-and-justice\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Neglect_of_Morality_and_Justice\"><\/span>Neglect of Morality and Justice<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The theory focuses mainly on the law recognised and applied by courts. It does not adequately explain whether a law is morally right, fair or just.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-not-applicable-to-all-legal-systems\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Not_Applicable_to_All_Legal_Systems\"><\/span>Not Applicable to All Legal Systems<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The theory gives particular importance to judicial decisions and precedents, especially in common-law systems. However, in many legal systems, legislation and other sources play a more dominant role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-difficulty-in-explaining-undisputed-laws\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difficulty_in_Explaining_Undisputed_Laws\"><\/span>Difficulty in Explaining Undisputed Laws<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many legal rules are followed voluntarily without any court intervention. The theory does not fully explain how such rules operate as law before a judicial decision becomes necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Salmond\u2019s and Grey&#8217;s theories provide valuable insights into the practical operation of law and the importance of judicial decisions. However, they are criticised for giving excessive importance to courts and insufficient attention to legislation, custom, morality and other sources of law. Therefore, judicial decisions are an important source of law, but they cannot alone explain the entire nature and scope of law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-judge-made-law\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judge-Made_Law\"><\/span>Judge-Made Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Judge-made law refers to the legal principles developed by courts through their decisions. In the process of deciding cases, judges interpret legislation, clarify existing principles, fill gaps in the law and, where necessary, create new precedents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such decisions may become binding on lower courts under the doctrine of precedent. In the Indian context, Article 141 of the Constitution expressly provides that the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India. Thus, the Supreme Court\u2019s interpretation of constitutional or statutory provisions frequently establishes authoritative legal principles of general application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-criticism-of-judge-made-law\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Criticism_of_Judge-Made_Law\"><\/span>Criticism of Judge-Made Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-violation-of-separation-of-powers\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Violation_of_Separation_of_Powers\"><\/span>Violation of Separation of Powers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Excessive judicial law-making may blur the distinction between the functions of the legislature and the judiciary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-lack-of-democratic-legitimacy\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lack_of_Democratic_Legitimacy\"><\/span>Lack of Democratic Legitimacy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Judges are generally appointed, not directly elected by the people, and therefore may lack the democratic mandate enjoyed by elected legislatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-uncertainty-of-law-0\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uncertainty_of_Law-2\"><\/span>Uncertainty of Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Different judicial interpretations may create confusion and uncertainty until the law is authoritatively settled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-limited-scope\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Limited_Scope\"><\/span>Limited Scope<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Judges generally develop the law while deciding specific disputes and cannot comprehensively legislate on every social issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-retrospective-effect\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Retrospective_Effect\"><\/span>Retrospective Effect<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A new judicial interpretation may affect past conduct or existing legal expectations, sometimes causing hardship to parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-possibility-of-judicial-bias\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Possibility_of_Judicial_Bias\"><\/span>Possibility of Judicial Bias<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Personal beliefs, values and interpretations may sometimes influence judicial reasoning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-time-consuming-process\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Time-Consuming_Process\"><\/span>Time-Consuming Process<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Legal principles may develop gradually through several cases, making judicial law-making slower than legislative reform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Judge-made law plays an important role in interpreting statutes, developing legal principles and filling gaps in the law. However, excessive judicial law-making may affect democratic accountability, legal certainty and the separation of powers. Therefore, judicial law-making should operate within constitutional limits and respect the proper role of the legislature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-relationship-with-legal-realism\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Relationship_with_Legal_Realism\"><\/span>Relationship with Legal Realism<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Legal realism focuses on law as it actually operates in society rather than on formal rules written in statute books or treatises. It examines judicial behaviour, the concrete facts of cases, and the practical considerations that influence decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Grey&#8217;s insistence that law consists of the rules laid down by courts aligns closely with the realist outlook. However, Grey&#8217;s theory and American Legal Realism are related but not identical. Legal Realism developed as a broader intellectual movement, particularly in the United States in the early twentieth century, encompassing a wider range of sociological and psychological insights into judicial decision-making.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Salmond and Grey both underscored the central role of courts in the life of the law. Salmond defined law as the principles recognised and applied by the State in the administration of justice, while Grey went further in identifying law with the rules actually laid down by judges. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Together, their approaches illuminate the importance of judicial interpretation, the doctrine of precedent, and the phenomenon of judge-made law in modern jurisprudence. They remind us that law is not a static body of rules but a living system continuously shaped by the practice of the courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-realism-the-ideas-of-holmes-and-llewellyn\/\">Legal Realism: The Ideas of Holmes and Llewellyn<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-state-and-sovereignty-concepts-theories-and-the-indian-constitutional-framework\/\">The State and Sovereignty: Concepts, Theories and the Indian Constitutional Framework<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/foundation-of-tortious-liability-from-salmonds-narrow-theory-to-pollocks-wider-view\/\">Foundation of Tortious Liability: From Salmond\u2019s Narrow Theory to Pollock\u2019s Wider View<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-personality-of-unborn-child-and-dead-person\/\">Legal Personality Of Unborn Child And Dead Person<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/bombay-high-court-maintenance-without-proven-cruelty-section-125-crpc\/\">Bombay High Court: Husband Can Be Ordered to Pay Maintenance Even Without Proven Cruelty | Section 125 CrPC Explained<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction The theories of law associated with John Salmond and John Chipman Grey place the courts and judges at the centre of understanding the nature of law. Both thinkers emphasise that law is best understood through the principles and rules actually applied by courts in the administration of justice. Their approach is closely linked to<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[4505],"tags":[5252],"class_list":["post-34420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-jurisprudence","tag-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.6 (Yoast SEO v28.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Salmond\u2019s and Grey&#039;s Theory of Law: Law as the Practice of Courts and Judge-Made Law - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore Salmond and Gray\u2019s theory of law, their definitions, criticisms, judge-made law, judicial decisions, and Legal Realism in jurisprudence.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Salmond\u2019s and Grey&#039;s Theory of Law: Law as the Practice of Courts and Judge-Made Law\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Explore Salmond and Gray\u2019s theory of law, their definitions, criticisms, judge-made law, judicial decisions, and Legal Realism in jurisprudence.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Legal Service India - Articles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-21T10:56:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-21T10:59:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Md. 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Imran Wahab\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/avatars\\\/49\\\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Md. Imran Wahab\"},\"description\":\"Md. Imran Wahab, a distinguished 2004-batch Indian Police Service officer, has dedicated over 32 years to public service, holding various senior managerial positions within the West Bengal Police force. His career has spanned diverse roles across different districts, including Kolkata Police, serving as DCP, 5th Battalion, Kolkata Armed Police and DCP (Port Division), for approximately 4 years. He served in Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, holding the positions of DCP (Special Branch) and DCP (Traffic) for over 4 years. He was posted in the districts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Nadia as Additional SP. At the sub-divisional level, he has worked as SDPOs of Gangarampur, Raghunathpur and Kalna sub-divisions of West Bengal. His tenure as Special IG and subsequently as IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal, for over 4 years, saw him deeply engaged in improving the prison and correctional system. He visited numerous correctional homes across West Bengal, interacting with inmates, both male and female, including children residing with their incarcerated mothers. His outreach extended to correctional homes in Assam, Bihar, and Tripura. This hands-on approach provided him with invaluable insights into the workings of prisons and the complexities of the prisoner psyche. Beyond his operational roles, Md. Imran Wahab possesses a strong academic background, holding B.Sc., M.A., L.L.B., and M.B.A. degrees. He has also completed Post Graduate Diplomas in Human Rights, Project Management, Corporate Management, Computer Application, Public Administration, Medical Law, Disaster Management, Fire Safety &amp; Hazards Management and Psychology. He has attended Indian government sponsored specialized training in police and management matters in SVPNPA, Hyderabad, IIM, Ahmedabad and Singapore. He is the author of the books 'Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters' and 'Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations' demonstrating his commitment to knowledge sharing within the law enforcement field. As an observer for the Election Commission of India, he has gained firsthand experience in conducting assembly elections and bye-elections in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Assam, Bihar, and Tripura (twice). This exposure has given him a deep understanding of election management and the Election Commission's operations. He has also served as Chairman and as a member of various recruitment boards for the selection of police personnel in Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. Md. Imran Wahab's interests extend beyond law enforcement to include law, politics, international affairs, prison management, and business management. He has authored over 1000 articles on these diverse topics, reflecting his intellectual curiosity and desire to contribute to public discourse. He is also a research scholar in law and has contributed articles to the Indian Police Journal, National Crime Record Bureau Journal, SVP National Police Academy Journal, and International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research etc. Currently, he serves as IGP, Provisioning, West Bengal.\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.legalserviceindia.com\\\/Legal-Articles\\\/author\\\/md-imranwahab\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Salmond\u2019s and Grey's Theory of Law: Law as the Practice of Courts and Judge-Made Law - Legal Service India - Articles","description":"Explore Salmond and Gray\u2019s theory of law, their definitions, criticisms, judge-made law, judicial decisions, and Legal Realism in jurisprudence.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Salmond\u2019s and Grey's Theory of Law: Law as the Practice of Courts and Judge-Made Law","og_description":"Explore Salmond and Gray\u2019s theory of law, their definitions, criticisms, judge-made law, judicial decisions, and Legal Realism in jurisprudence.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/salmonds-and-greys-theory-of-law-law-as-the-practice-of-courts-and-judge-made-law\/","og_site_name":"Legal Service India - Articles","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind","article_published_time":"2026-10-21T10:56:30+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-10-21T10:59:23+00:00","author":"Md. 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Imran Wahab","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","caption":"Md. Imran Wahab"},"description":"Md. Imran Wahab, a distinguished 2004-batch Indian Police Service officer, has dedicated over 32 years to public service, holding various senior managerial positions within the West Bengal Police force. His career has spanned diverse roles across different districts, including Kolkata Police, serving as DCP, 5th Battalion, Kolkata Armed Police and DCP (Port Division), for approximately 4 years. He served in Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, holding the positions of DCP (Special Branch) and DCP (Traffic) for over 4 years. He was posted in the districts of Dakshin Dinajpur and Nadia as Additional SP. At the sub-divisional level, he has worked as SDPOs of Gangarampur, Raghunathpur and Kalna sub-divisions of West Bengal. His tenure as Special IG and subsequently as IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal, for over 4 years, saw him deeply engaged in improving the prison and correctional system. He visited numerous correctional homes across West Bengal, interacting with inmates, both male and female, including children residing with their incarcerated mothers. His outreach extended to correctional homes in Assam, Bihar, and Tripura. This hands-on approach provided him with invaluable insights into the workings of prisons and the complexities of the prisoner psyche. Beyond his operational roles, Md. Imran Wahab possesses a strong academic background, holding B.Sc., M.A., L.L.B., and M.B.A. degrees. He has also completed Post Graduate Diplomas in Human Rights, Project Management, Corporate Management, Computer Application, Public Administration, Medical Law, Disaster Management, Fire Safety &amp; Hazards Management and Psychology. He has attended Indian government sponsored specialized training in police and management matters in SVPNPA, Hyderabad, IIM, Ahmedabad and Singapore. He is the author of the books 'Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters' and 'Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations' demonstrating his commitment to knowledge sharing within the law enforcement field. As an observer for the Election Commission of India, he has gained firsthand experience in conducting assembly elections and bye-elections in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Assam, Bihar, and Tripura (twice). This exposure has given him a deep understanding of election management and the Election Commission's operations. He has also served as Chairman and as a member of various recruitment boards for the selection of police personnel in Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. Md. Imran Wahab's interests extend beyond law enforcement to include law, politics, international affairs, prison management, and business management. He has authored over 1000 articles on these diverse topics, reflecting his intellectual curiosity and desire to contribute to public discourse. He is also a research scholar in law and has contributed articles to the Indian Police Journal, National Crime Record Bureau Journal, SVP National Police Academy Journal, and International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research etc. Currently, he serves as IGP, Provisioning, West Bengal.","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/author\/md-imranwahab\/"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34420","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/49"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34420"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34420\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34420"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34420"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34420"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}