{"id":34505,"date":"2026-10-22T07:35:14","date_gmt":"2026-10-22T07:35:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=34505"},"modified":"2026-10-22T07:38:53","modified_gmt":"2026-10-22T07:38:53","slug":"liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/","title":{"rendered":"Liability and Juristic Acts in Jurisprudence: Classification, Intention and Negligence"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-introduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In jurisprudence, liability means the legal responsibility of a person for an act or omission that produces a legal consequence. A person may be held liable for causing injury, damaging property, breaking a contract or committing a crime.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Meaning_and_Classification_of_Liability\" >Meaning and Classification of Liability<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Meaning_of_Juristic_Act\" >Meaning of Juristic Act<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Classification_of_Juristic_Acts\" >Classification of Juristic Acts<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Intention_in_Jurisprudence\" >Intention in Jurisprudence<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Theories_of_Intention\" >Theories of Intention<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Types_of_Intention\" >Types of Intention<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Negligence_in_Jurisprudence\" >Negligence in Jurisprudence<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Theories_of_Negligence\" >Theories of Negligence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Types_of_Negligence\" >Types of Negligence<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Difference_Between_Intention_and_Negligence\" >Difference Between Intention and Negligence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A juristic act is a voluntary act performed with the intention of creating, changing, transferring or ending a legal right or obligation. Examples include entering into a contract, making a will or transferring property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These concepts explain how human conduct creates legal rights, duties and consequences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-meaning-and-classification-of-liability\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Meaning_and_Classification_of_Liability\"><\/span>Meaning and Classification of Liability<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liability arises when the law makes a person answerable for a wrongful act, breach of duty or other legally recognised event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The principal types are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Civil Liability:<\/strong> Arises from violation of a civil right or duty. Remedies include compensation, damages, injunctions or specific performance. Example: damaging another\u2019s property and being required to pay compensation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Criminal Liability:<\/strong> Arises from commission of an offence. Punishment may include imprisonment, fine or, where prescribed, capital punishment. Example: conviction for murder.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contractual Liability:<\/strong> Arises from failure to perform a contractual obligation. Example: a seller failing to deliver goods as agreed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tortious Liability:<\/strong> Arises from a civil wrong independent of contract that causes legally recognised harm. Example: negligently injuring another and being required to pay damages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Strict Liability:<\/strong> Liability without proof of negligence or intention, based on the applicable legal rule.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vicarious Liability:<\/strong> One person is held responsible for the wrongful act of another due to a recognised legal relationship. Example: an employer liable for an employee\u2019s act done in the course of employment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Absolute Liability:<\/strong> Liability without the usual exceptions available under strict liability. In India, the doctrine in C. Mehta v. Union of India applies to enterprises engaged in hazardous or inherently dangerous activities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-meaning-of-juristic-act\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Meaning_of_Juristic_Act\"><\/span>Meaning of Juristic Act<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A juristic act is a voluntary human act intended to produce a legal effect recognised by law. It may create, modify, transfer or extinguish legal rights and obligations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples: a valid contract creates enforceable rights and duties; a valid will determines distribution of property after the testator\u2019s death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-classification-of-juristic-acts\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Classification_of_Juristic_Acts\"><\/span>Classification of Juristic Acts<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Unilateral Acts:<\/strong> Performed by one person and capable of producing legal consequences. Examples: making a valid will or making an offer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bilateral Acts:<\/strong> Involve the agreement of two parties. Example: a contract of sale.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Multilateral Acts:<\/strong> Involve more than two parties. Example: agreement to form a partnership.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Acts Creating Rights and Obligations:<\/strong> Establish new legal relationships. Example: a valid loan agreement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Acts Transferring or Extinguishing Rights:<\/strong> Transfer existing rights or bring them to an end. Examples: valid transfer of property; payment of a debt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A juristic act is generally intended to produce a legal effect. A wrongful act may create liability even when the resulting legal consequences were not intended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-intention-in-jurisprudence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Intention_in_Jurisprudence\"><\/span>Intention in Jurisprudence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Intention is the mental purpose or state of mind with which a person performs an act. It helps determine legal responsibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In criminal law it distinguishes deliberate offences from accidental acts. In civil law it is relevant to certain torts, contracts and other relationships.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-theories-of-intention\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Theories_of_Intention\"><\/span>Theories of Intention<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Subjective Theory:<\/strong> Focuses on the actual state of mind of the person (what was intended, known or foreseen). Example: deliberately striking another intending injury.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Objective Theory:<\/strong> Judges conduct from the standpoint of a reasonable person in the circumstances. Example: performing a dangerous act judged by what a reasonable person would have anticipated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Combined Approach:<\/strong> Courts often consider both the actual state of mind and surrounding circumstances. The precise test depends on the legal issue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-types-of-intention\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Intention\"><\/span>Types of Intention<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Direct Intention:<\/strong> Acting with the specific purpose of bringing about a particular result.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Oblique Intention:<\/strong> The result is not the primary aim but is recognised as a virtually certain consequence (treatment varies by jurisdiction).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>General Intention:<\/strong> Intention to perform the act itself, without necessarily intending every consequence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Specific Intention:<\/strong> Acting with a particular purpose required by law (e.g., intention to cause a particular kind of harm).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Intention must be distinguished from motive. Intention concerns what a person seeks to do; motive concerns the reason for doing it. Example: intentionally causing injury out of revenge \u2014 causing injury is the intention; revenge is the motive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-negligence-in-jurisprudence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Negligence_in_Jurisprudence\"><\/span>Negligence in Jurisprudence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Negligence is the failure to exercise the degree of care that the law requires in the circumstances. It occurs when a person does something a reasonably careful person would not do or fails to do something such a person would do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It generally requires a duty of care, breach of that duty, legally recognised damage, and a sufficient connection between the breach and the damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Example: a driver who carelessly ignores a red signal and injures a pedestrian may be liable in negligence (and may also face criminal consequences if the law is satisfied).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-theories-of-negligence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Theories_of_Negligence\"><\/span>Theories of Negligence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Subjective Theory:<\/strong> Considers the individual\u2019s actual knowledge, abilities and circumstances.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Objective Theory:<\/strong> Measures conduct against the standard of a reasonably prudent person in similar circumstances (widely used).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Combined Approach:<\/strong> Applies the objective standard of reasonable care while taking account of relevant circumstances and any special duties.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-types-of-negligence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Negligence\"><\/span>Types of Negligence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ordinary Negligence:<\/strong> Failure to exercise reasonable care. Example: failing to keep a proper lookout while driving.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gross Negligence:<\/strong> A serious departure from the required standard of care (precise meaning depends on the applicable law).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Criminal Negligence:<\/strong> Negligence of a degree that satisfies the requirements of a criminal offence. Mere carelessness is not enough.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contributory Negligence:<\/strong> The injured person also fails to take reasonable care for their own safety. This may reduce compensation depending on the law.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Professional Negligence:<\/strong> Failure by a professional to meet the standard required in that profession. Example: negligent medical treatment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vicarious Liability for Negligence:<\/strong> An employer or other legally responsible person may be held liable for negligence committed within the scope of the relevant relationship.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-difference-between-intention-and-negligence\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difference_Between_Intention_and_Negligence\"><\/span>Difference Between Intention and Negligence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Basis<\/th><th>Intention<\/th><th>Negligence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><th>Meaning<\/th><td>Acting with a particular purpose or state of mind<\/td><td>Failing to exercise legally required care<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Mental Element<\/th><td>Involves purpose, knowledge or other relevant mental state<\/td><td>Usually involves failure to take reasonable care<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Nature of Conduct<\/th><td>Often deliberate<\/td><td>Often careless or inadvertent<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Example<\/th><td>Deliberately striking a person to injure them<\/td><td>Carelessly driving and injuring a pedestrian<\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Legal Consequence<\/th><td>May establish liability where the law requires intention<\/td><td>May establish liability where the law recognises negligence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both may lead to civil or criminal liability depending on the nature of the act and the applicable law. Some offences also impose liability on other grounds such as recklessness or knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liability, juristic acts, intention and negligence are fundamental concepts of jurisprudence. Liability determines when a person becomes legally responsible. Juristic acts explain how voluntary conduct creates, changes, transfers or ends legal rights and obligations. Intention focuses on a person\u2019s state of mind; negligence focuses on failure to exercise the required standard of care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Together they explain how law regulates human conduct, protects rights, imposes duties and determines the consequences of both deliberate and careless behaviour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/persons-in-jurisprudence-kinds-legal-status-and-double-personality\/\">Persons in Jurisprudence: Kinds, Legal Status, and Double Personality<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/muslim-law-in-india-constitutional-context-sources-reforms-contemporary-legal-developments\/\">Muslim Law in India: Constitutional Context, Sources, Reforms, and Contemporary Legal Developments<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/fundamentals-of-negligence-in-tort-law\/\">Fundamentals of Negligence in Tort Law<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/corporate-criminal-liability-in-india-is-it-possible-for-artificial-persons-to-have-mens-rea\/\">Corporate Criminal Liability in India: Is It Possible for Artificial Persons to Have Mens Rea?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/general-elements-in-torts-physical-and-mental-elements\/\">General Elements in Torts: Physical and Mental Elements<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction In jurisprudence, liability means the legal responsibility of a person for an act or omission that produces a legal consequence. A person may be held liable for causing injury, damaging property, breaking a contract or committing a crime. A juristic act is a voluntary act performed with the intention of creating, changing, transferring or<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[4505],"tags":[5252],"class_list":["post-34505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-jurisprudence","tag-jurisprudence"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.6 (Yoast SEO v28.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Liability and Juristic Acts in Jurisprudence: Classification, Intention and Negligence - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn liability, juristic acts, intention and negligence in jurisprudence, including their meanings, types, theories and legal consequences.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Liability and Juristic Acts in Jurisprudence: Classification, Intention and Negligence\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn liability, juristic acts, intention and negligence in jurisprudence, including their meanings, types, theories and legal consequences.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/liability-and-juristic-acts-in-jurisprudence-classification-intention-and-negligence\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Legal Service India - Articles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-22T07:35:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-22T07:38:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Md. 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