{"id":35141,"date":"2026-11-04T11:21:06","date_gmt":"2026-11-04T11:21:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=35141"},"modified":"2026-11-04T11:23:25","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T11:23:25","slug":"state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/","title":{"rendered":"State (Territorial) Jurisdiction: Types, Immunities and Exemptions under International Law"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-introduction-meaning-of-state-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction_Meaning_of_State_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>Introduction: Meaning of State Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">State jurisdiction is the legal power of a State to make, interpret and enforce laws over persons, property and activities. A State primarily exercises this power within its own territory. In limited cases, it may also act in respect of conduct outside its territory. International law, however, places important restrictions on this power through recognised immunities and exemptions.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#Introduction_Meaning_of_State_Jurisdiction\" >Introduction: Meaning of State Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#Types_of_State_Jurisdiction\" >Types of State Jurisdiction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#1_Legislative_or_Prescriptive_Jurisdiction\" >1. Legislative (or Prescriptive) Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#2_Judicial_or_Adjudicative_Jurisdiction\" >2. Judicial (or Adjudicative) Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#3_Executive_or_Enforcement_Jurisdiction\" >3. Executive (or Enforcement) Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#Comparison_of_the_Three_Types_of_State_Jurisdiction\" >Comparison of the Three Types of State Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#Principles_Bases_of_State_Jurisdiction\" >Principles (Bases) of State Jurisdiction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#1_Territorial_Principle\" >1. Territorial Principle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#2_Nationality_Principle\" >2. Nationality Principle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#3_Protective_Principle\" >3. Protective Principle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#4_Passive_Personality_Principle\" >4. Passive Personality Principle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#5_Universal_Jurisdiction\" >5. Universal Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#Comparison_of_the_Five_Principles_of_State_Jurisdiction\" >Comparison of the Five Principles of State Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#Immunities_and_Exemptions_from_State_Jurisdiction\" >Immunities and Exemptions from State Jurisdiction<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#1_Sovereign_or_State_Immunity\" >1. Sovereign or State Immunity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#2_Diplomatic_Immunity\" >2. Diplomatic Immunity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#3_Consular_Immunity\" >3. Consular Immunity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#4_Immunity_of_Heads_of_State_and_Senior_Officials\" >4. Immunity of Heads of State and Senior Officials<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#5_Immunity_of_Foreign_Armed_Forces\" >5. Immunity of Foreign Armed Forces<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#6_Immunity_of_International_Organisations\" >6. Immunity of International Organisations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#Summary_of_Immunities_and_Exemptions\" >Summary of Immunities and Exemptions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#Leading_Cases_on_State_Jurisdiction_and_Immunity\" >Leading Cases on State Jurisdiction and Immunity<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#1_The_Schooner_Exchange_v_McFaddon_1812\" >1. The Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon (1812)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#2_Arrest_Warrant_Case_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_v_Belgium_2002\" >2. Arrest Warrant Case (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium, 2002)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#3_Jurisdictional_Immunities_of_the_State_Germany_v_Italy_2012\" >3. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy, 2012)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/#Conclusion_The_Scope_and_Limitations_of_State_Jurisdiction\" >Conclusion: The Scope and Limitations of State Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-types-of-state-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_State_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>Types of State Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are three main forms of State jurisdiction:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-1-legislative-or-prescriptive-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Legislative_or_Prescriptive_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>1. Legislative (or Prescriptive) Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The power to make laws that apply to persons, property and activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-judicial-or-adjudicative-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Judicial_or_Adjudicative_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>2. Judicial (or Adjudicative) Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The power of courts to hear cases and decide disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-executive-or-enforcement-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Executive_or_Enforcement_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>3. Executive (or Enforcement) Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The power to enforce laws through police, courts and other authorities. A State cannot normally enforce its laws inside the territory of another State without that State\u2019s consent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-comparison-of-the-three-types-of-state-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparison_of_the_Three_Types_of_State_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>Comparison of the Three Types of State Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Type of Jurisdiction<\/th><th>Nature of Power<\/th><th>Primary Function<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Legislative (Prescriptive)<\/td><td>Power to make laws<\/td><td>Regulating persons, property and activities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Judicial (Adjudicative)<\/td><td>Power to adjudicate disputes<\/td><td>Hearing cases and delivering judgments<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Executive (Enforcement)<\/td><td>Power to enforce laws<\/td><td>Implementing laws through police and other authorities<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-principles-bases-of-state-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Principles_Bases_of_State_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>Principles (Bases) of State Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">International law accepts the following main bases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-1-territorial-principle\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Territorial_Principle\"><\/span>1. Territorial Principle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A State has jurisdiction over acts committed within its territory, regardless of the nationality of the persons involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-nationality-principle\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Nationality_Principle\"><\/span>2. Nationality Principle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A State may exercise jurisdiction over its own nationals for certain acts committed abroad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-protective-principle\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Protective_Principle\"><\/span>3. Protective Principle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A State may punish acts committed abroad by foreigners that threaten its security or vital interests (for example, espionage or counterfeiting its currency).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-4-passive-personality-principle\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Passive_Personality_Principle\"><\/span>4. Passive Personality Principle<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A State may claim jurisdiction over crimes committed abroad against its own nationals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-universal-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Universal_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>5. Universal Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Any State may prosecute certain serious international crimes (such as piracy, genocide and war crimes) irrespective of where the crime occurred or the nationality of the offender.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-comparison-of-the-five-principles-of-state-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comparison_of_the_Five_Principles_of_State_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>Comparison of the Five Principles of State Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Principle<\/th><th>Basis of Jurisdiction<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Territorial Principle<\/td><td>Location of the act<\/td><td>Crimes committed within State territory<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nationality Principle<\/td><td>Nationality of the offender<\/td><td>Offences committed abroad by a State&#8217;s nationals<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Protective Principle<\/td><td>Threat to State security or vital interests<\/td><td>Espionage or counterfeiting currency<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Passive Personality Principle<\/td><td>Nationality of the victim<\/td><td>Crimes committed abroad against State nationals<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Universal Jurisdiction<\/td><td>Nature of the international crime<\/td><td>Piracy, genocide and war crimes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-immunities-and-exemptions-from-state-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Immunities_and_Exemptions_from_State_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>Immunities and Exemptions from State Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even though a State is sovereign within its territory, international law grants immunity from its jurisdiction to certain persons and entities. The principal immunities are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-1-sovereign-or-state-immunity\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Sovereign_or_State_Immunity\"><\/span>1. Sovereign or State Immunity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One State is generally immune from the courts of another State. Under the restrictive theory, this immunity covers sovereign or governmental acts (jure imperii) but not ordinary commercial activities (jure gestionis).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-diplomatic-immunity\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Diplomatic_Immunity\"><\/span>2. Diplomatic Immunity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diplomats enjoy extensive immunity under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961. They are generally immune from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State and enjoy wide immunity in civil and administrative matters, subject to limited exceptions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-consular-immunity\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Consular_Immunity\"><\/span>3. Consular Immunity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consular officers enjoy more limited immunity under the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, mainly for acts performed in the exercise of their official functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-4-immunity-of-heads-of-state-and-senior-officials\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Immunity_of_Heads_of_State_and_Senior_Officials\"><\/span>4. Immunity of Heads of State and Senior Officials<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Serving Heads of State and certain other high-ranking officials enjoy personal immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction while in office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-5-immunity-of-foreign-armed-forces\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Immunity_of_Foreign_Armed_Forces\"><\/span>5. Immunity of Foreign Armed Forces<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Foreign military forces present in another State with its consent usually enjoy immunities under international law and any applicable status-of-forces agreements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-6-immunity-of-international-organisations\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Immunity_of_International_Organisations\"><\/span>6. Immunity of International Organisations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organisations such as the United Nations enjoy the privileges and immunities necessary for the independent performance of their functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-summary-of-immunities-and-exemptions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Summary_of_Immunities_and_Exemptions\"><\/span>Summary of Immunities and Exemptions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Type of Immunity<\/th><th>Who Enjoys It?<\/th><th>Legal Basis or Scope<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Sovereign or State Immunity<\/td><td>Foreign States<\/td><td>Protects sovereign acts and, under the restrictive theory, distinguishes them from commercial activities.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Diplomatic Immunity<\/td><td>Diplomats<\/td><td>Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Consular Immunity<\/td><td>Consular Officers<\/td><td>Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Personal Immunity<\/td><td>Serving Heads of State and Certain Senior Officials<\/td><td>Immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction while in office<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Military Immunity<\/td><td>Foreign Armed Forces<\/td><td>International law and applicable status-of-forces agreements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>International Organisation Immunity<\/td><td>International Organisations<\/td><td>Privileges and immunities necessary for independent functioning<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-leading-cases-on-state-jurisdiction-and-immunity\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Leading_Cases_on_State_Jurisdiction_and_Immunity\"><\/span>Leading Cases on State Jurisdiction and Immunity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following landmark judicial decisions illustrate the principles governing State jurisdiction and immunity under international law:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-1-the-schooner-exchange-v-mcfaddon-1812\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_The_Schooner_Exchange_v_McFaddon_1812\"><\/span>1. The Schooner Exchange v. McFaddon (1812)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The US Supreme Court recognised the immunity of a foreign warship from local jurisdiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-2-arrest-warrant-case-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-v-belgium-2002\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Arrest_Warrant_Case_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_v_Belgium_2002\"><\/span>2. Arrest Warrant Case (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium, 2002)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The International Court of Justice affirmed the personal immunity of a serving Foreign Minister from foreign criminal jurisdiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-3-jurisdictional-immunities-of-the-state-germany-v-italy-2012\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Jurisdictional_Immunities_of_the_State_Germany_v_Italy_2012\"><\/span>3. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy, 2012)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The ICJ held that Germany was entitled to State immunity before Italian courts in respect of claims arising from acts of its armed forces during the Second World War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion-the-scope-and-limitations-of-state-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion_The_Scope_and_Limitations_of_State_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>Conclusion: The Scope and Limitations of State Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">State jurisdiction is a core attribute of sovereignty. It enables a state to regulate conduct within its territory and, in defined circumstances, beyond it. This power is not absolute. International law balances territorial authority with immunities that protect inter-State relations, diplomatic functions and the independent working of international organisations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/foreign-national-prisoners-in-india-problems-legal-rights-and-practical-solutions\/\">Foreign National Prisoners in India: Problems, Legal Rights, and Practical Solutions<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/recognition-of-states-and-diplomatic-protection-in-international-law\/\">Recognition of States and Diplomatic Protection in International Law<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/subjects-of-international-law-meaning-nature-development-and-classification\/\">Subjects of International Law: Meaning, Nature, Development and Classification<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/legal-personality-in-law-types-of-persons-animal-rights-and-landmark-cases-in-indian-jurisprudence\/\">Legal Personality in Law: Types of Persons, Animal Rights, and Landmark Cases in Indian Jurisprudence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-arbitration-global-legal-framework-and-procedural-dynamics\/\">International Arbitration: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Global Legal Framework and Procedural Dynamics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction: Meaning of State Jurisdiction State jurisdiction is the legal power of a State to make, interpret and enforce laws over persons, property and activities. A State primarily exercises this power within its own territory. In limited cases, it may also act in respect of conduct outside its territory. International law, however, places important restrictions<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[80],"tags":[355],"class_list":["post-35141","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-international-law","tag-international-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.8 (Yoast SEO v28.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>State (Territorial) Jurisdiction: Types, Immunities and Exemptions under International Law - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"State jurisdiction under international law explained: its types, five principles, sovereign immunity, diplomatic immunity and landmark cases.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"State (Territorial) Jurisdiction: Types, Immunities and Exemptions under International Law\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"State jurisdiction under international law explained: its types, five principles, sovereign immunity, diplomatic immunity and landmark cases.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/state-territorial-jurisdiction-types-immunities-and-exemptions-under-international-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Legal Service India - Articles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-11-04T11:21:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-11-04T11:23:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Md. 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Imran Wahab","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/avatars\/49\/1777837060-bpfull.jpg","caption":"Md. Imran Wahab"},"description":"\ud83d\udc6e Md. Imran Wahab, IPS Inspector General of Police (IGP), Provisioning, West Bengal Md. Imran Wahab is a distinguished Indian Police Service officer with extensive experience in law enforcement, administration, prison management, and public service. He has held several senior positions in the West Bengal Police, Kolkata Police, and Barrackpore Police Commissionerate, and served as Special IG and IGP of Correctional Services, West Bengal. \ud83c\udf93 Academic Excellence: He holds degrees in Science, Arts, Law, and Business Administration, along with multiple postgraduate diplomas in specialised fields, including Human Rights, Psychology, Public Administration, and Disaster Management. He has also undergone specialised training at SVPNPA, IIM Ahmedabad, and in Singapore. \ud83d\udcda Author &amp; Research Scholar: He has authored Police Investigation &amp; Allied Matters and Alternative Dispute Resolution: Evolving Trends and Innovations. With over 1,000 articles to his credit, his research and writings cover law, policing, criminal justice, prison administration, politics, and international affairs. His contributions have appeared in reputed police and research journals. \ud83d\uddf3\ufe0f Election Management &amp; Leadership: As an Election Commission of India observer, he has contributed to election management across several Indian states. He has also chaired and served on recruitment boards for Kolkata Police and West Bengal Police. His professional interests span law, governance, correctional administration, international affairs, and management, reflecting a sustained commitment to institutional development, knowledge sharing, and public service.","url":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/author\/md-imranwahab\/"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35141","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/49"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35141"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35141\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35381,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35141\/revisions\/35381"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35141"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35141"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35141"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}