{"id":35203,"date":"2026-11-04T11:38:30","date_gmt":"2026-11-04T11:38:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=35203"},"modified":"2026-11-04T11:40:41","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T11:40:41","slug":"international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/","title":{"rendered":"International Court of Justice (ICJ): Composition, Functions and Jurisdiction"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 id=\"h-introduction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Established in 1945 under the UN Charter, it began functioning in 1946. Its seat is at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. It is commonly referred to as the World Court.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Composition_of_the_Court\" >Composition of the Court<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Jurisdiction_of_the_ICJ\" >Jurisdiction of the ICJ<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#A_Contentious_Jurisdiction\" >A. Contentious Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Ways_States_May_Accept_the_Courts_Jurisdiction\" >Ways States May Accept the Court&#8217;s Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#B_Advisory_Jurisdiction\" >B. Advisory Jurisdiction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Powers_and_Functions\" >Powers and Functions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Applicable_Law\" >Applicable Law<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Binding_Nature_and_Enforcement_of_Decisions\" >Binding Nature and Enforcement of Decisions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Important_Limitations\" >Important Limitations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Distinction_Between_the_ICJ_and_the_ICC\" >Distinction Between the ICJ and the ICC<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/#Official_Reference\" >Official Reference<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The primary purpose of the ICJ is to settle legal disputes between States in accordance with international law and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorised international organs and agencies. In doing so, it contributes to the maintenance of international peace and the strengthening of the rule of law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-composition-of-the-court\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Composition_of_the_Court\"><\/span>Composition of the Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court consists of 15 judges elected by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council for a term of nine years. Judges may be re-elected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key features of its composition are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No two judges may be nationals of the same state.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Judges are elected in their individual capacity and must be persons of high moral character and possess the qualifications required in their respective countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices, or be jurisconsults of recognised competence in international law.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Court elects its President and Vice-President for a term of three years.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One-third of the judges retire every three years, ensuring continuity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The composition of the Court is designed to reflect the main forms of civilisation and the principal legal systems of the world.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-jurisdiction-of-the-icj\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jurisdiction_of_the_ICJ\"><\/span>Jurisdiction of the ICJ<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The jurisdiction of the Court refers to its legal authority to hear and decide cases. It is divided into two main categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-a-contentious-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Contentious_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>A. Contentious Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contentious jurisdiction is the power of the court to decide legal disputes between states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Essential features:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Only states may be parties to contentious cases. Individuals, private entities, and international organisations cannot institute contentious proceedings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jurisdiction is based on the consent of the states concerned.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Judgements are legally binding upon the parties to the particular case.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Court may adjudicate disputes concerning the interpretation of treaties, questions of international law, the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of an international obligation, and the nature or extent of the reparation to be made for such breach.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-ways-states-may-accept-the-court-s-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ways_States_May_Accept_the_Courts_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>Ways States May Accept the Court&#8217;s Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">States may accept the Court\u2019s jurisdiction in the following ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Special Agreement (Compromise):<\/strong> Two or more states agree to submit a specific dispute to the court.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Treaty Clause:<\/strong> A treaty contains a provision referring disputes arising under it to the ICJ.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Optional Clause (Article 36(2) of the Statute):<\/strong> A State may make a unilateral declaration accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"h-b-advisory-jurisdiction\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"B_Advisory_Jurisdiction\"><\/span>B. Advisory Jurisdiction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Advisory jurisdiction enables the Court to give legal opinions on questions of international law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Main features:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The General Assembly and the Security Council may request advisory opinions on any legal question.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other organs of the United Nations and specialised agencies, when authorised by the General Assembly, may request advisory opinions on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advisory opinions are not binding in character, but they carry significant legal and moral authority and provide authoritative guidance to the requesting organs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-powers-and-functions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Powers_and_Functions\"><\/span>Powers and Functions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The principal functions of the ICJ are the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>To settle legal disputes between states in accordance with international law.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To interpret treaties and other international instruments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To adjudicate disputes concerning territorial sovereignty and boundaries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To determine the existence of breaches of international obligations and the consequences thereof, including questions of reparation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To render advisory opinions on legal questions referred by authorised organs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To contribute to the peaceful settlement of international disputes and the progressive development of international law.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-applicable-law\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Applicable_Law\"><\/span>Applicable Law<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 38 of the Statute of the Court sets out the sources of law to be applied:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>International conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognised by the contesting States.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>International custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The general principles of law recognised by civilised nations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court may also decide a case <em>ex aequo et bono<\/em> (according to equity and good conscience) if the parties so agree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-binding-nature-and-enforcement-of-decisions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Binding_Nature_and_Enforcement_of_Decisions\"><\/span>Binding Nature and Enforcement of Decisions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under Article 59 of the Statute, a decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under Article 60, judgements are final and without appeal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Article 94 of the UN Charter provides that each member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If any party fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgement, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-important-limitations\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Important_Limitations\"><\/span>Important Limitations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Court operates within certain legal and institutional limitations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Court cannot entertain cases brought by individuals or non-state entities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its contentious jurisdiction is fundamentally consensual.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It possesses no independent enforcement machinery of its own.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Political considerations and the veto power of the permanent members of the Security Council may impede effective enforcement of judgements.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not every international dispute falls within its jurisdiction; the Court can only decide legal disputes submitted to it in accordance with its Statute.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-distinction-between-the-icj-and-the-icc\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Distinction_Between_the_ICJ_and_the_ICC\"><\/span>Distinction Between the ICJ and the ICC<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) are two distinct international judicial institutions. They differ in their jurisdiction, functions, parties, and the nature of their proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Aspect<\/th><th>International Court of Justice (ICJ)<\/th><th>International Criminal Court (ICC)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Nature of Proceedings<\/td><td>Settles disputes between states<\/td><td>Prosecutes individuals for international crimes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Relationship with the UN<\/td><td>Principal judicial organ of the United Nations<\/td><td>Independent international organisation (Rome Statute)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Seat<\/td><td>The Hague, Netherlands<\/td><td>The Hague, Netherlands<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subject Matter<\/td><td>Legal disputes under international law and advisory opinions<\/td><td>Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Parties<\/td><td>Only States<\/td><td>Individuals (natural persons)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Binding Character<\/td><td>Judgements binding the parties to the case<\/td><td>Judgements binding on the convicted individual<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-conclusion\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The International Court of Justice remains a central institution for the peaceful settlement of disputes between states and for the clarification of international law. While its effectiveness is constrained by the requirement of state consent and by challenges in the enforcement of its decisions, it continues to play a vital role in upholding the international rule of law and contributing to international peace and security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-official-reference\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Official_Reference\"><\/span>Official Reference<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Statute of the International Court of Justice (annexed to the Charter of the United Nations).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-yoast-seo-related-links yoast-seo-related-links\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/sources-of-international-law-understanding-the-origin-of-rules-governing-relations-among-nations\/\">Sources of International Law: Understanding the Origin of Rules Governing Relations Among Nations<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/difference-between-gst-composition-scheme-regular-scheme\/\">Difference Between GST Composition Scheme &amp; Regular Scheme<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/uk-digital-identity-system-privacy-transparency-uk-gdpr\/\">UK Digital Identity System Under Scrutiny: Privacy, Transparency, UK GDPR &amp; Constitutional Challenges<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/the-jurisprudential-sentinel-the-international-court-of-justice-as-a-definitive-source-and-arbiter-of-international-law\/\">The Jurisprudential Sentinel: The International Court of Justice as a Definitive Source and Arbiter of International Law<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/how-board-composition-meetings-and-resolutions-impact-your-company-registration-status\/\">How board composition, meetings and resolutions impact your company registration status<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. Established in 1945 under the UN Charter, it began functioning in 1946. Its seat is at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. It is commonly referred to as the World Court. The primary purpose of the ICJ is<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[80],"tags":[355],"class_list":["post-35203","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","category-international-law","tag-international-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.8 (Yoast SEO v28.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>International Court of Justice (ICJ): Composition, Functions and Jurisdiction - Legal Service India - Articles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understand the ICJ&#039;s jurisdiction, powers, functions, composition, judgements, enforcement and differences between the ICJ and ICC under international law.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"International Court of Justice (ICJ): Composition, Functions and Jurisdiction\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Understand the ICJ&#039;s jurisdiction, powers, functions, composition, judgements, enforcement and differences between the ICJ and ICC under international law.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/international-court-of-justice-icj-composition-functions-and-jurisdiction\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Legal Service India - Articles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/legalservicesind\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-11-04T11:38:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-11-04T11:40:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Md. 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