{"id":6968,"date":"2025-08-05T12:17:38","date_gmt":"2025-08-05T12:17:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=6968"},"modified":"2025-08-05T12:23:48","modified_gmt":"2025-08-05T12:23:48","slug":"search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Search and Seizure Process in Copyright Infringement Cases under Indian Law"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The process of <strong>search and seizure<\/strong> in copyright infringement cases in India is primarily governed by the <strong>Copyright Act, 1957<\/strong>. This is supplemented by the procedural frameworks laid out in the <strong>Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC)<\/strong> for civil actions, and the newly enacted <strong>Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS)<\/strong> for criminal proceedings, which replaced the <strong>Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC)<\/strong>.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Process_of_Search_and_Seizure_in_Copyright_Law_Cases_in_India\" >Process of Search and Seizure in Copyright Law Cases in India<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Identification_and_Verification_of_Infringement\" >Identification and Verification of Infringement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Initial_Evidence_Gathering\" >Initial Evidence Gathering<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Filing_a_Complaint\" >Filing a Complaint<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Section_55_of_the_Copyright_Act_1957\" >Section 55 of the Copyright Act, 1957<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Criminal_Complaint_for_Large-Scale_or_Commercial_Infringement\" >Criminal Complaint for Large-Scale or Commercial Infringement<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Section_63_of_the_Copyright_Act_1957\" >Section 63 of the Copyright Act, 1957<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Section_64_of_the_Copyright_Act_1957\" >Section 64 of the Copyright Act, 1957<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Essentials_of_a_Complaint\" >Essentials of a Complaint<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Section_45_of_the_Copyright_Act_1957\" >Section 45 of the Copyright Act, 1957<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Application_for_a_Search_and_Seizure_Order\" >Application for a Search and Seizure Order<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Execution_of_the_Search_and_Seizure\" >Execution of the Search and Seizure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Management_of_Seized_Evidence\" >Management of Seized Evidence<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Securing_and_Cataloguing\" >Securing and Cataloguing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Handling_of_Digital_Evidence\" >Handling of Digital Evidence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Reporting_to_the_Court\" >Reporting to the Court<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Legal_Proceedings_and_Remedies\" >Legal Proceedings and Remedies<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Civil_Proceedings\" >Civil Proceedings<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Criminal_Proceedings\" >Criminal Proceedings<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Safeguards_and_Limitations\" >Safeguards and Limitations<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Illustrative_Scenario_in_India\" >Illustrative Scenario in India<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Key_Provisions_of_the_Copyright_Act_1957\" >Key Provisions of the Copyright Act, 1957<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Civil_Remedies_for_Copyright_Infringement\" >Civil Remedies for Copyright Infringement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Criminal_Penalties_for_Copyright_Infringement\" >Criminal Penalties for Copyright Infringement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Copyright_Board\" >Copyright Board<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Practical_Considerations\" >Practical Considerations<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Role_of_Local_Commissioners\" >Role of Local Commissioners<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Piracy_in_the_Digital_Space\" >Piracy in the Digital Space<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Challenges_in_Enforcement\" >Challenges in Enforcement<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Anton_Piller_Orders_and_John_Doe_Orders\" >Anton Piller Orders and John Doe Orders<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Court_Judgments\" >Court Judgments<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Ms_Knit_Pro_International_vs_The_State_of_NCT_of_Delhi_2022\" >M\/s Knit Pro International vs. The State of NCT of Delhi (2022)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Pine_Labs_v_Gemalto_2023\" >Pine Labs v. Gemalto (2023)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Super_Cassettes_Industries_Ltd_v_Music_Broadcast_Pvt_Ltd_2012\" >Super Cassettes Industries Ltd. v. Music Broadcast Pvt. Ltd. (2012)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#RG_Anand_v_Deluxe_Films_1978\" >R.G. Anand v. Deluxe Films (1978)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Eastern_Book_Company_v_DB_Modak_2008\" >Eastern Book Company v. D.B. Modak (2008)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Indian_Performing_Right_Society_Ltd_v_Eastern_India_Motion_Pictures_Association_1977\" >Indian Performing Right Society Ltd. v. Eastern India Motion Pictures Association (1977)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Academy_of_General_Education_v_B_Malini_Mallya_2009\" >Academy of General Education v. B. Malini Mallya (2009)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Krishika_Lulla_v_Shyam_Vithalrao_Devkatta_2016\" >Krishika Lulla v. Shyam Vithalrao Devkatta (2016)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Najma_Heptulla_v_Orient_Longman_Ltd_1988\" >Najma Heptulla v. Orient Longman Ltd. (1988)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-41\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/search-and-seizure-process-in-copyright-infringement-cases-under-indian-law\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>This legal structure enables copyright holders to address infringement of their protected works, such as <em>unauthorized reproduction, distribution, or sale<\/em> of literary, musical, artistic, or dramatic works, as well as <em>cinematograph films<\/em> and <em>sound recordings<\/em>. The specific procedure\u2014whether <strong>civil<\/strong> or <strong>criminal<\/strong>\u2014determines the nature of the search and seizure, from <strong>court-ordered injunctions<\/strong> to <strong>police-led raids<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Process_of_Search_and_Seizure_in_Copyright_Law_Cases_in_India\"><\/span>Process of Search and Seizure in Copyright Law Cases in India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Identification_and_Verification_of_Infringement\"><\/span>Identification and Verification of Infringement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The process is initiated when a copyright owner or their authorized representative identifies suspected infringement. This can involve:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Physical Infringement:<\/strong> Discovering pirated physical goods such as books, DVDs, CDs, or other tangible copies of the copyrighted work.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Digital Infringement:<\/strong> Detecting unauthorized online distribution, streaming, or hosting of copyrighted content, including software, films, music, or e-books.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Initial_Evidence_Gathering\"><\/span>Initial Evidence Gathering<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The rights holder gathers preliminary evidence to substantiate the claim. This may involve:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Purchasing samples of pirated products.<\/li>\n<li>Taking screenshots, creating video recordings, or collecting URLs of infringing websites.<\/li>\n<li>Documenting the source and nature of the unauthorized sales or distribution.<\/li>\n<li>Verifying their own copyright ownership through registration documents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This evidence forms the basis for subsequent legal action, whether a civil suit seeking a court-ordered search or a criminal complaint filed with law enforcement.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Filing_a_Complaint\"><\/span>Filing a Complaint<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Copyright owners can pursue a <strong>civil suit<\/strong> under Section 55 of the Copyright Act, 1957, by filing a complaint in a competent court (such as a District or High Court). This action aims to secure remedies including injunctions to halt infringement, monetary damages, and the seizure of infringing materials.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_55_of_the_Copyright_Act_1957\"><\/span>Section 55 of the Copyright Act, 1957<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This section outlines civil remedies for infringement, allowing copyright owners to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Seek injunctions<\/li>\n<li>Claim damages<\/li>\n<li>Request an accounting of profits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A key exception prevents liability for damages if the defendant was unaware of the copyright, though injunctions and profit-sharing remain available. The section also presumes the named individual on a published work is its author or publisher and gives courts discretion over legal cost allocation.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Criminal_Complaint_for_Large-Scale_or_Commercial_Infringement\"><\/span>Criminal Complaint for Large-Scale or Commercial Infringement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>For serious infringements, a criminal complaint can be initiated under Sections 63 and 64 of the Act. Wilful infringement is classified as a cognizable offense, carrying potential penalties of up to seven years of imprisonment and monetary fines.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_63_of_the_Copyright_Act_1957\"><\/span>Section 63 of the Copyright Act, 1957<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Defines criminal copyright infringement. Penalties include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Imprisonment from six months to three years<\/li>\n<li>Fines from \u20b950,000 to \u20b92,00,000<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Courts can impose lighter sentences for non-commercial infringements. Notably, construction of an infringing building or structure is not an offense under this section.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_64_of_the_Copyright_Act_1957\"><\/span>Section 64 of the Copyright Act, 1957<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><b>Grants police officers of sub-inspector rank or higher the power to:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Seize infringing copyright materials and related production plates without a warrant<\/li>\n<li>Present all seized items immediately to a magistrate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Section 64(2) also allows any interested party fifteen days to apply to the magistrate for restoration of these items. The magistrate must hear both the applicant and the complainant before making a decision.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Essentials_of_a_Complaint\"><\/span>Essentials of a Complaint<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>A meticulously prepared complaint for search and seizure must include:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Compelling proof of copyright ownership (ideally a Section 45 registration for prima facie evidence)<\/li>\n<li>Clear and specific evidence of the infringement (e.g., pirated materials, unauthorized online content, transaction records)<\/li>\n<li>Precise details about the infringer&#8217;s activities, identity, and location<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Section_45_of_the_Copyright_Act_1957\"><\/span>Section 45 of the Copyright Act, 1957<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>Establishes a voluntary process for copyright registration. Applicants must:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Apply to the Registrar of Copyrights with a prescribed form and fee<\/li>\n<li>Include a statement if the work is intended for use with goods or services<\/li>\n<li>Provide a certificate from the Registrar of Trade Marks stating that no identical or similar trademark has been registered by another party<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Registrar of Copyrights has discretion to conduct an inquiry before making a final entry into the register.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Application_for_a_Search_and_Seizure_Order\"><\/span>Application for a Search and Seizure Order<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Search and seizure orders are legal procedures used to inspect, search for, and seize evidence of infringement in both civil and criminal cases. However, the process and requirements for obtaining these orders differ significantly between the two types of proceedings.<\/p>\n<p>In civil cases, copyright owners can apply for an Anton Piller order, a non-statutory judicial remedy that allows them to enter the defendant&#8217;s premises to gather evidence. To obtain this order, the applicant must demonstrate a strong <em>prima facie<\/em> case of copyright infringement, a serious risk of irreparable harm, and a clear likelihood that the infringer may destroy or dissipate the evidence. Due to the element of surprise, Anton Piller orders are often issued <em>ex parte<\/em>, without hearing the defendant.<\/p>\n<p>In criminal cases, the police have the power to seize infringing copies and related plates or materials under Section 64 of the Copyright Act, 1957. This power is exercised when a police officer, no lower in rank than a sub-inspector, is satisfied that an offense under Section 63 (criminal infringement) is being, has been, or is likely to be committed. The copyright owner typically initiates this process by lodging a First Information Report (FIR) with the police, which triggers an investigation that may lead to a raid and seizure of the infringing goods.<\/p>\n<p>In summary, search and seizure orders are essential tools in protecting copyright owners from infringement. The process for obtaining these orders varies between civil and criminal cases, with civil cases involving Anton Piller orders and criminal cases involving police action. The primary objective of these orders is to prevent the destruction or concealment of crucial evidence before the defendant is formally notified of the lawsuit or investigation.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Execution_of_the_Search_and_Seizure\"><\/span>Execution of the Search and Seizure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In civil cases, following the granting of an Anton Piller order, the court typically appoints an independent Local Commissioner, often a practicing advocate, to oversee the search and seizure. Accompanied by representatives of the copyright owner and, if necessary, law enforcement for security, the Commissioner proceeds to the specified premises, such as a warehouse or factory, to conduct the raid.<\/p>\n<p>The scope of seizure in civil matters is extensive, including all infringing copies of the copyrighted work, the machinery, equipment, and plates used for their production, and relevant documents or electronic records that serve as evidence of illegal activities. A detailed inventory, known as a panchnama, is meticulously prepared on-site, usually with independent witnesses, and subsequently submitted to the court. The alleged infringer is generally permitted to observe the search, ensuring transparency and due process.<\/p>\n<p>Conversely, in criminal cases, police officers conduct raids based on a filed First Information Report (FIR) or utilize their powers under Section 64 of the Copyright Act. During these operations, they seize infringing materials and may also arrest the accused, as copyright infringement under Section 63 is classified as a cognizable offense.<\/p>\n<p>All items seized in criminal investigations are meticulously sealed, inventoried, and securely stored as evidence. This evidence is critical for the ongoing criminal prosecution and will eventually be presented before a magistrate to support the charges.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Management_of_Seized_Evidence\"><\/span>Management of Seized Evidence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Securing_and_Cataloguing\"><\/span>Securing and Cataloguing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>All seized materials, regardless of whether they originate from civil or criminal actions, are meticulously catalogued, sealed, and securely stored in designated locations, such as police stations or court-approved warehouses. This rigorous process is essential to maintain the chain of custody and prevent any allegations of tampering or spoliation of evidence.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Handling_of_Digital_Evidence\"><\/span>Handling of Digital Evidence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Specific protocols govern the handling of seized digital devices, such as computers, servers, and external hard drives. These devices typically undergo forensic analysis by qualified experts to authenticate data, retrieve deleted files, and generate comprehensive reports for use as evidence in court.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reporting_to_the_Court\"><\/span>Reporting to the Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The authority responsible for the seizure is obligated to report its actions to the court. In civil cases, the Local Commissioner submits a detailed report outlining the entire search process and an exhaustive inventory of all seized items. Conversely, in criminal cases, police officers submit a similar report to the magistrate, as mandated by procedural law, along with the physical seized items.<\/p>\n<p>Ultimately, this stringent process guarantees the preservation and legal admissibility of evidence, enabling its effective use in proving cases of copyright infringement.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Proceedings_and_Remedies\"><\/span>Legal Proceedings and Remedies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"section\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Civil_Proceedings\"><\/span>Civil Proceedings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Evidence gathered during a seizure forms the cornerstone of a copyright owner&#8217;s civil lawsuit. The plaintiff utilizes this evidence to seek various remedies from the court, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Permanent Injunctions:<\/strong> A final court order that permanently prohibits the infringer from continuing their infringing activities.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Damages or Account of Profits:<\/strong> Monetary compensation for financial losses suffered by the copyright owner, or a claim for all profits generated by the infringer, as stipulated under Section 55 of the Copyright Act.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Delivery and Destruction:<\/strong> A court decree mandating the infringer to hand over all infringing copies and related materials (such as printing plates) to the copyright owner, or to ensure their destruction, as permitted by Section 58.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If financial recovery is a significant concern, the court may also issue a <strong>Mareva Injunction<\/strong> (or freezing order), preventing the infringer from dissipating their assets during ongoing proceedings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Criminal_Proceedings\"><\/span>Criminal Proceedings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The seized materials are crucial for the prosecution to prove the criminal offense of copyright infringement, primarily defined under Section 63 of the Copyright Act. Accused individuals may also face prosecution under related sections, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Section 63A:<\/strong> For enhanced penalties applicable to repeat offenders.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 63B:<\/strong> For offenses involving the unauthorized use of computer-based works.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Upon conviction, penalties include imprisonment from a minimum of six months to a maximum of three years, along with a fine ranging from \u20b950,000 to \u20b92,00,000. Courts also typically order the destruction or forfeiture of the infringing copies and related equipment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Safeguards_and_Limitations\"><\/span>Safeguards and Limitations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The legal framework governing search and seizure in copyright cases incorporates crucial safeguards to prevent abuse and protect the rights of the accused:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Judicial Oversight:<\/strong> Civil remedies like Anton Piller orders are subject to strict judicial scrutiny. Courts grant them only upon a strong prima facie case. Applicants may be required to provide an undertaking for damages or a security deposit to compensate the defendant if the order is later deemed improperly obtained.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rights of the Accused:<\/strong> Both civil and criminal processes uphold alleged infringers&#8217; rights. The right to privacy is balanced against the need to prevent evidence destruction. Frivolous or abusive complaints may result in penalties against the copyright owner.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Restoration of Seized Items:<\/strong> Under Section 64(2) of the Copyright Act, individuals may apply to a magistrate for the return of seized property within fifteen days of seizure if no infringement is found or if they have a legitimate interest in the items.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Procedural Time Limits:<\/strong> Section 64(1) requires that all seized items \u201cshall, as soon as practicable, be produced before a Magistrate.\u201d This ensures prompt judicial review and prevents indefinite police custody of the materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"section\">\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Illustrative_Scenario_in_India\"><\/span>Illustrative Scenario in India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Imagine a film production company uncovers a retail outlet distributing pirated DVDs of its recently released film. The company pursues both civil and criminal legal actions:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Civil Action:<\/strong> The company files a civil lawsuit in the High Court seeking an Anton Piller order. The court, upon examining the evidence, grants the order and appoints a Local Commissioner. Accompanied by production company representatives and local police, the commissioner raids the outlet and seizes approximately 500 pirated DVDs, a computer, and a burner used for unauthorized copying. A detailed inventory (panchnama) is prepared and submitted to the court.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Criminal Action:<\/strong> Simultaneously, the company files a First Information Report (FIR) with the local police. Acting under Section 64, a police officer conducts a separate raid, confiscates additional infringing materials, and arrests the shop owner under Section 63.<\/p>\n<p>The evidence from both actions is used to strengthen the legal proceedings. The civil suit aims for a permanent injunction, monetary compensation, and destruction of the pirated items. The criminal case targets the shop owner&#8217;s prosecution, possibly resulting in imprisonment and a fine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Provisions_of_the_Copyright_Act_1957\"><\/span>Key Provisions of the Copyright Act, 1957<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Copyright Act of 1957 establishes a comprehensive legal framework for addressing instances of copyright infringement.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Civil_Remedies_for_Copyright_Infringement\"><\/span>Civil Remedies for Copyright Infringement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Section 51 defines infringement:<\/strong> This includes unauthorized actions like reproduction, distribution, and public performance of copyrighted works.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 55 outlines civil remedies:<\/strong> Copyright owners can seek injunctions, monetary damages, and an accounting of the infringer&#8217;s profits.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 58 declares infringing materials as copyright owner&#8217;s property:<\/strong> This allows for the seizure and destruction of infringing copies and the plates used to create them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Criminal_Penalties_for_Copyright_Infringement\"><\/span>Criminal Penalties for Copyright Infringement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Section 63 designates knowing or wilful infringement as a criminal offense:<\/strong> Such violations are punishable by both imprisonment and fines.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Section 64 grants police officers (Sub-Inspector rank or higher) specific authority:<\/strong> They can seize infringing copies and related materials without a warrant if they believe an offense is being committed or is likely to be committed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Copyright_Board\"><\/span>Copyright Board<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Section 11 of the Copyright Act, 1957<\/strong>, mandates the Central Government to establish a body known as the Copyright Board, composed of a Chairman and two other members. The Act specifies that the Chairman must be a current or former High Court Judge, or someone qualified for such a position. It also stipulates that the salaries, allowances, and other service conditions for the Chairman and members will be prescribed, with a guarantee that these terms cannot be altered to their disadvantage after their appointment. Additionally, the Central Government is authorized to appoint a secretary and other necessary staff for the board to function effectively, following consultation with the Chairman.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Practical_Considerations\"><\/span>Practical Considerations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Role_of_Local_Commissioners\"><\/span>Role of Local Commissioners<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Local Commissioners play a crucial role in ensuring fairness and transparency in civil cases. As independent court officers (often advocates), their impartiality guarantees that actions like search and seizure are executed strictly according to court orders. This greatly reduces the risk of disputes and allegations of misconduct, with the commissioner&#8217;s report serving as an unbiased account of the process and the evidence seized.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Piracy_in_the_Digital_Space\"><\/span>Piracy in the Digital Space<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The rise of digital infringement necessitates more sophisticated legal tools. Courts frequently issue <strong>&#8220;John Doe&#8221; or &#8220;Ashok Kumar&#8221;<\/strong> orders \u2014 injunctions against unidentified infringers \u2014 to prevent the pre-release piracy of films and other content. These orders can direct Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to block websites hosting infringing material. This approach is often rooted in the procedural powers of the Code of Civil Procedure and is reinforced by takedown mechanisms under the Information Technology Act, 2000, and its rules, which obligate intermediaries to remove unlawful content upon notice.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Challenges_in_Enforcement\"><\/span>Challenges in Enforcement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Despite the robust legal framework, enforcement encounters significant practical challenges. Infringers often operate with a high degree of anonymity and sophistication, employing techniques such as hiding evidence, operating across multiple jurisdictions, or rapidly shifting their operations to new digital platforms. To be effective, both the judiciary and law enforcement must act with extreme speed and coordination to secure evidence before it can be destroyed, relocated, or deleted. The complexities of digital forensics also present a significant hurdle, requiring specialized expertise to handle and analyze electronic evidence.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anton_Piller_Orders_and_John_Doe_Orders\"><\/span>Anton Piller Orders and John Doe Orders<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Anton Piller orders and John Doe orders are strong legal instruments used in India, particularly in cases involving intellectual property and copyright infringement.<\/p>\n<p>An <strong>Anton Piller order<\/strong> is a court injunction that allows the plaintiff to enter the defendant&#8217;s premises without prior notice and search for evidence to prevent the destruction of incriminating material. This order is granted when the plaintiff presents a strong case and the potential damage is significant. It requires strict safeguards, such as supervision by an independent solicitor and no forced entry.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>John Doe order<\/strong>, on the other hand, is a pre-emptive search and seizure order issued against unknown defendants involved in copyright violations, often in cases of large-scale piracy or online infringement. The identities of the infringers are not known, as in cases of mass distribution of pirated DVDs or digital content.<\/p>\n<p>Both orders aim to quickly stop widespread infringement and preserve evidence, but they must be regulated by courts with procedural safeguards to prevent abuse. These orders are widely used by Indian courts, especially the Delhi High Court, for enforcing copyright in the digital age.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Court_Judgments\"><\/span>Court Judgments<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ms_Knit_Pro_International_vs_The_State_of_NCT_of_Delhi_2022\"><\/span>M\/s Knit Pro International vs. The State of NCT of Delhi (2022)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>On May 20, 2022, the Supreme Court of India issued a key judgment clarifying that wilful copyright infringement offenses under Section 63 of the Copyright Act, 1957, are &#8220;cognizable&#8221; and &#8220;non-bailable.&#8221; This means police can arrest an accused person without a warrant, and bail is not an automatic right. The Court specifically resolved previous legal inconsistencies, confirming that these offenses remain cognizable even if the maximum punishment is up to three years, as per the Criminal Procedure Code (now Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023).<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pine_Labs_v_Gemalto_2023\"><\/span>Pine Labs v. Gemalto (2023)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The 2023 Pine Labs v. Gemalto case significantly clarified digital intellectual property rights under the Copyright Act. It affirmed that both source and object code of software are &#8220;literary works&#8221; eligible for copyright protection, and any unauthorized use constitutes infringement. This ruling crucially strengthens legal safeguards for computer programs, enabling developers to protect their intellectual property.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Super_Cassettes_Industries_Ltd_v_Music_Broadcast_Pvt_Ltd_2012\"><\/span>Super Cassettes Industries Ltd. v. Music Broadcast Pvt. Ltd. (2012)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This case clarified that radio stations broadcasting copyrighted music must obtain a separate license for &#8220;communication to the public&#8221; under the Copyright Act, 1957. The ruling affirmed that any distinct public use of copyrighted work, including radio, requires specific authorization, thereby strengthening copyright owners&#8217; rights and ensuring fair compensation.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"RG_Anand_v_Deluxe_Films_1978\"><\/span>R.G. Anand v. Deluxe Films (1978)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This landmark case fundamentally shaped Indian copyright law by distinguishing between an idea and its expression. The Supreme Court ruled that copyright protects only the unique expression of an idea, not the idea or theme itself. Therefore, mere similarities in plot or theme do not constitute infringement; only &#8220;substantial and fundamental&#8221; copying of the actual form of expression does. This crucial ruling prevents theme monopolies, fostering creativity and competition.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Eastern_Book_Company_v_DB_Modak_2008\"><\/span>Eastern Book Company v. D.B. Modak (2008)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Court clarified originality in Indian copyright law for legal publications. While raw judicial judgments are public domain, publisher-added elements like headnotes, editorial notes, and unique paragraph numbering are copyrightable. It introduced the &#8220;modicum of creativity&#8221; test, holding that such additions, requiring skill and judgment beyond mere mechanical effort, are original works. This decision moved Indian law away from the &#8220;sweat of the brow&#8221; doctrine.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indian_Performing_Right_Society_Ltd_v_Eastern_India_Motion_Pictures_Association_1977\"><\/span>Indian Performing Right Society Ltd. v. Eastern India Motion Pictures Association (1977)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This pivotal judgment defined the ownership of musical works within films. The Court ruled that once a composer or lyricist assigned their work for a cinematograph film, the producer became the first owner of that work&#8217;s copyright as part of the film. This meant original creators generally did not retain residual rights to royalties for public performance of their music. This ruling was later largely reversed by the 2012 Copyright Act amendment.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Academy_of_General_Education_v_B_Malini_Mallya_2009\"><\/span>Academy of General Education v. B. Malini Mallya (2009)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This case redefined joint authorship under the Copyright Act. The Supreme Court mandated that joint authors must have contributed through a collaborative creative process with a clear, shared intent to co-author. Mere contributors or editors, lacking explicit co-authorship intent, cannot claim joint author status. This ruling is vital for clarifying collaborator rights and ownership, particularly in academic publishing.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Krishika_Lulla_v_Shyam_Vithalrao_Devkatta_2016\"><\/span>Krishika Lulla v. Shyam Vithalrao Devkatta (2016)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This ruling reaffirmed the idea-expression dichotomy in copyright. The Court clarified that short phrases, slogans, and film titles are generally not copyrightable due to their lack of originality, reinforcing that protection applies only to substantial, original expressions, not mere ideas or common phrases.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Najma_Heptulla_v_Orient_Longman_Ltd_1988\"><\/span>Najma Heptulla v. Orient Longman Ltd. (1988)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This case set rules for copyright on translated works. The Supreme Court decided that a simple, word-for-word translation, especially of a work already freely available, doesn&#8217;t automatically get its own copyright. To be copyrighted, a translator must add significant skill, effort, and judgment, like their own interpretations or creative touches. This ensures a simple language change doesn&#8217;t unfairly control the original work and promotes genuine creative effort in adaptations.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Indian legal framework for addressing copyright infringement, rooted in the Copyright Act of 1957, provides a robust and multifaceted approach to search and seizure. It empowers copyright holders to pursue both civil and criminal remedies to protect their intellectual property. Through civil actions, owners can obtain Anton Piller orders to discreetly gather evidence and seize infringing materials, while criminal complaints can trigger police-led raids and arrests under Section 64 of the Act.<\/p>\n<p>While this system offers powerful tools for combating piracy\u2014particularly with the use of &#8220;John Doe&#8221; orders to tackle digital infringement\u2014it also incorporates crucial safeguards like judicial oversight and the right to property restoration to prevent abuse. Ultimately, the successful enforcement of these provisions hinges on swift and coordinated action by rights holders, the judiciary, and police to overcome the increasing sophistication of infringers in both the physical and digital realms.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The process of search and seizure in copyright infringement cases in India is primarily governed by the Copyright Act, 1957. This is supplemented by the procedural frameworks laid out in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC) for civil actions, and the newly enacted Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) for criminal proceedings, which replaced<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[28],"class_list":{"0":"post-6968","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-intellectual-property","7":"tag-top-news"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6968","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/49"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6968"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6968\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6968"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6968"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6968"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}