{"id":8851,"date":"2025-09-18T05:09:09","date_gmt":"2025-09-18T05:09:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/"},"modified":"2025-09-18T12:52:35","modified_gmt":"2025-09-18T12:52:35","slug":"rights-of-prisoners-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Rights Of Prisoners In India"},"content":{"rendered":"<article>\n<h2>Prisoners&#8217; Rights \u2014 Improved Readability<\/h2>\n<h3>Prisoners&#8217; Rights<\/h3>\n<section>Imprisonment has been the most common punishment for offenders of law and order since ancient times. In ancient India, wrongdoers were incarcerated to prevent their contact with society and thus maintain the social order. The modern system of prisons was not in existence in earlier times. From various sources, such as Harshacharita and Jatakas, and accounts of Hiuen Sang, we find that conditions were not satisfactory for them.[1] The modern view of prisoners focuses on their reintegration into society as better people, as opposed to earlier times when they were brutally sentenced to death to serve as a deterrent to those considering committing crimes.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Prisoners_Rights_%E2%80%94_Improved_Readability\" >Prisoners' Rights \u2014 Improved Readability<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Prisoners_Rights\" >Prisoners' Rights<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#International_Instruments\" >International Instruments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Constitutional_Position_in_India\" >Constitutional Position in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Classification_of_Prisoners_Rights\" >Classification of Prisoners' Rights<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Specific_Rights\" >Specific Rights<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Right_against_physical_restraints\" >Right against physical restraints<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Right_to_Speedy_Trial\" >Right to Speedy Trial<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Right_to_free_legal_aid\" >Right to free legal aid<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Right_to_life_and_personal_liberty\" >Right to life and personal liberty<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Right_to_live_with_human_dignity\" >Right to live with human dignity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Right_to_be_released_on_bail\" >Right to be released on bail<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Right_against_custodial_torture\" >Right against custodial torture<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/rights-of-prisoners-in-india\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>With a historical view on prisoner rights, we find that for a long time, prisoners\u2019 rights were neglected, and they were treated as slaves of the state.[2] There was a period called the &#8220;hands-off&#8221; era during which courts generally refused to entertain cases involving prisoner rights.[3] In 1934, the US Supreme Court ruled that \u201cThe court has no power to interfere with the conduct of the prison or its discipline\u201d[4]. After the 1960s, courts took a liberal approach and stated that prisoners also enjoyed certain constitutional rights.[5] The period between 1953 and 1969 is termed the &#8220;Warren Court era,&#8221; in which civil rights were expanded to prisoners by the courts. For example, in the case of Johnson v. Avery (1969)[6], the US Supreme Court held that \u201cit is fundamental that access of prisoners to the courts for the purpose of presenting their complaints may not be denied or obstructed\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"International_Instruments\"><\/span>International Instruments<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>With the changing times, basic rights of individuals were considered to be of a most critical nature and to ensure the same, many important international laws regarding prisoners\u2019 rights came into existence. UN Charter, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and the UN Core Conventions and Specific Instruments[7] are some examples. Fundamental rights stated by all these laws include dignified treatment to prisoners, no discrimination among the prisoners, to be provided with meaningful remunerated employment, to be provided with health services, no degrading treatment, no arbitrary arrest or detention, right to liberty, separation of young prisoners from adult prisoners and security of person, etc.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Constitutional_Position_in_India\"><\/span>Constitutional Position in India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In India, there is no special provision regarding prisoners&#8217; rights in the constitution. The Constitution of India provides Fundamental Rights to every citizen under Part III. Prisoners are citizens whose fundamental rights the government has taken away. This does not mean that they do not have any rights at all. Judicial Activism has played an essential role in recognising the rights of prisoners by judiciously interpreting Articles 19 and 21. The Supreme Court has held, \u201cConvicts are not denuded of all the Fundamental Rights which they otherwise possess\u2026other constitutionally guaranteed precious rights under Article 21 are still applicable to the convicts that he shall not be deprived of his life and personal liberty except according to the procedure established by the law.\u201d[8] In another case, the Supreme Court held that detention conditions do not mean that prisoners could be deprived of their other fundamental rights.[9]<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2>Classification of Prisoners&#8217; Rights<\/h2>\n<p>The rights of prisoners can be classified into two main categories:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Right to Physical Needs<\/strong>These include the right to food, accommodation, clothing, sanitation and Hygiene, Medical care, etc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Right to Aspirational Needs<\/strong>(Text continues below under specific rights headings.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Specific_Rights\"><\/span>Specific Rights<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Right_against_physical_restraints\"><\/span>Right against physical restraints<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court has held that unless the state has reason to believe that the criminal is of such a nature and circumstances so hostile that it becomes necessary to handcuff him to prevent his escape, the state should not physically restrain any prisoner.[10]<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Right_to_Speedy_Trial\"><\/span>Right to Speedy Trial<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court held that it violates Article 21 if the prisoner has spent virtually his entire sentence in prison. The state should abide by the constitutional mandate of \u201cspeedy trial\u201d and cannot avoid the same by giving excuses.[11]<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Right_to_free_legal_aid\"><\/span>Right to free legal aid<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Article 39A and 22(1) provide the accused with the right of free legal aid from the counsel of his choice.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Right_to_life_and_personal_liberty\"><\/span>Right to life and personal liberty<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Article 21 states, \u201cNo person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.\u201d This right has been held as the \u201cheart of the fundamental rights\u201d by the Supreme Court.[12] In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India[13], the Supreme Court held that Article 21 has a wide scope and it also includes certain rights embodied under Article 19 as well. The procedure depriving any person of their right to life and liberty must be reasonable[14].<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Right_to_live_with_human_dignity\"><\/span>Right to live with human dignity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>It is one of the fundamental rights under Article 21 of the Constitution. The Courts have expanded the purview of this article and held that everyone has a right to live with honour and dignity. In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, the Supreme Court held that the right to life under Article 21 means the right to live with dignity.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Right_to_be_released_on_bail\"><\/span>Right to be released on bail<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court has held that prisoners who cannot give surety and have spent more than half of their term in jail can be released on bail, considering their period in prison.[15]<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Right_against_custodial_torture\"><\/span>Right against custodial torture<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Custodial violence is a punishable offence under section 29 of the Police Act 1861. Article 21 is an important provision safeguarding a person\u2019s right to life against any police torture. In D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal[16],the\u00a0 Supreme Court laid down certain guidelines to be followed by the police while making an arrest. In another case, the Supreme Court has held, \u201cFundamental Rights do not flee the person as he enters prison, although they may suffer shrinkage necessitated by incarceration.\u201d[17] Feeling the need for a law on this serious issue, the government tried to bring the bill titled \u2018The Prevention of Torture Bill, 2010\u2019 into force, but it lapsed twice with the dissolution of the 15th and 16th Lok Sabha and could not pass.<\/p>\n<p>The right to education, the right to publication, and the right to reasonable wages are some of the other rights available to prisoners.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<footer>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Courts have widened the scope of Article 21 to safeguard the lives and rights of prisoners. Judicial activism in India has played an essential role in recognising and expanding fundamental rights to prisoners. Unlike in ancient times, prisoners are now treated as humans behind bars with an aim to reintegrate them into society. Now prisoners can claim their rights from the court through writ petitions. Courts have also laid down guidelines to check the misuse of police power.<\/p>\n<\/footer>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Prisoners&#8217; Rights \u2014 Improved Readability Prisoners&#8217; Rights Imprisonment has been the most common punishment for offenders of law and order since ancient times. In ancient India, wrongdoers were incarcerated to prevent their contact with society and thus maintain the social order. The modern system of prisons was not in existence in earlier times. From various<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":496,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[28],"class_list":{"0":"post-8851","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-criminal-law","7":"tag-top-news"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8851","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/496"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8851"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8851\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8851"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8851"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8851"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}