{"id":9605,"date":"2025-10-04T05:41:09","date_gmt":"2025-10-04T05:41:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/?p=9605"},"modified":"2025-10-04T05:44:05","modified_gmt":"2025-10-04T05:44:05","slug":"understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding &#8216;Manufacture&#8217; Under Central Excise Act: Supreme Court&#8217;s Landmark Definition in Quippo Energy Case"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The concept of &#8216;manufacture&#8217; under Indian tax laws has been a subject of extensive judicial interpretation, particularly in the context of excise duty. The recent Supreme Court judgment in M\/s Quippo Energy Ltd. v. Commissioner of Central Excise Ahmedabad \u2013 II provides crucial clarity on what constitutes &#8216;manufacture&#8217; under Section 2(f)(i) of the Central Excise Act, 1944 (CEA). This landmark decision establishes important precedents for determining when product modifications amount to manufacturing, potentially affecting various industries involved in product assembly and modification.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0c0c0c;color:#0c0c0c\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Case_Background\" >Case Background<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Initial_Import_and_Modification_Process\" >Initial Import and Modification Process<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Legal_Proceedings\" >Legal Proceedings<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Courts_Observations\" >Court&#8217;s Observations<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Transformation_Test\" >Transformation Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Marketability_Test\" >Marketability Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Key_Legal_Interpretations\" >Key Legal Interpretations<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Impact\" >Impact<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Business_Implications\" >Business Implications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Legal_Framework_Impact\" >Legal Framework Impact<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Industry-Specific_Considerations\" >Industry-Specific Considerations<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#FAQs\" >FAQs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Q1_What_are_the_key_tests_to_determine_if_a_process_amounts_to_%E2%80%98manufacture\" >Q1: What are the key tests to determine if a process amounts to &#8216;manufacture&#8217;?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Q2_How_does_this_judgment_affect_businesses_that_modify_imported_products\" >Q2: How does this judgment affect businesses that modify imported products?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Q3_What_role_does_the_purpose_of_modification_play_in_determining_manufacture\" >Q3: What role does the purpose of modification play in determining manufacture?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#How_Claw_Legaltech_Can_Help\" >How Claw Legaltech Can Help<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#AI_Case_Search\" >AI Case Search<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Legal_GPT\" >Legal GPT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/understanding-manufacture-under-central-excise-act-supreme-courts-landmark-definition-in-quippo-energy-case\/#Case_Summarizer\" >Case Summarizer<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>The judgment is particularly significant as it addresses the long-standing debate over whether substantial modifications to existing products constitute manufacture for tax purposes. By focusing on both transformation and marketability tests, the Court has provided a comprehensive framework for assessing manufacturing activities. This interpretation has far-reaching implications for businesses engaged in product modification, assembly, or enhancement, especially in the industrial and power generation sectors.<\/p>\n<p>The case also highlights the evolving nature of manufacturing processes in modern industry, where value addition through modification and enhancement of imported products is increasingly common. The Court&#8217;s interpretation reflects a pragmatic approach to understanding manufacturing in contemporary business contexts, balancing technical definitions with commercial realities.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_Background\"><\/span>Case Background<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The case revolves around M\/s Quippo Energy Ltd., a company engaged in leasing containerized gas generating sets known as Power Packs. The company&#8217;s business model involved importing Gas Generating Sets (Gensets) and modifying them for lease-based deployment. The key facts and legal questions can be broken down as follows:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Initial_Import_and_Modification_Process\"><\/span>Initial Import and Modification Process<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The company imported Gensets consisting of an engine coupled with an alternator on a common base frame<\/li>\n<li>These were initially assessed under the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 as &#8220;Generating sets with spark-ignition combustion piston engines&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>To facilitate transportation and leasing, the company placed these Gensets in steel containers<\/li>\n<li>Additional components were added, including:<\/li>\n<li>Radiator<\/li>\n<li>Ventilation fan<\/li>\n<li>Air filter unit<\/li>\n<li>Oil tank<\/li>\n<li>Pipes, pumps, and valves<\/li>\n<li>Silencer and fitting items<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Proceedings\"><\/span>Legal Proceedings<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The case went through multiple stages of adjudication:<br \/>\n1. The company sought an opinion from the Deputy Commissioner of Central Excise regarding CEA liability<br \/>\n2. The Assistant Commissioner determined that these activities constituted &#8216;manufacture&#8217;<br \/>\n3. Appeals were filed before the Commissioner (Appeals) and were dismissed<br \/>\n4. Show-cause notices were issued, leading to further appeals<br \/>\n5. The matter ultimately reached the Supreme Court for final determination<\/p>\n<p>The central legal question was whether the modification process undertaken by Quippo Energy constituted &#8216;manufacture&#8217; under Section 2(f)(i) of the Central Excise Act, thereby attracting excise duty.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Courts_Observations\"><\/span>Court&#8217;s Observations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Supreme Court&#8217;s analysis provides a comprehensive framework for understanding what constitutes &#8216;manufacture&#8217; under excise law. The Court established a two-pronged test based on transformation and marketability:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Transformation_Test\"><\/span>Transformation Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Court emphasized that determining whether a product has been transformed requires examining:<br \/>\n&#8211; Whether a distinct product emerges<br \/>\n&#8211; If the new product has a different name, identity, character, or use<br \/>\n&#8211; The extent of change in form\/structure<br \/>\n&#8211; The role of additional components<\/p>\n<p>The Court noted that the transformation from a basic Genset to a Power Pack was substantial, involving:<br \/>\n&#8211; Physical modification through containment<br \/>\n&#8211; Addition of essential functional components<br \/>\n&#8211; Creation of a new product identity<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Marketability_Test\"><\/span>Marketability Test<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Court&#8217;s analysis of marketability focused on:<br \/>\n&#8211; The product&#8217;s commercial viability<br \/>\n&#8211; Its ability to be sold or leased in the market<br \/>\n&#8211; Evidence of actual market transactions<\/p>\n<p>The Court found that the Power Packs were clearly marketable, as evidenced by their successful lease arrangements with customers.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Key_Legal_Interpretations\"><\/span>Key Legal Interpretations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Court made several significant observations:<br \/>\n1. The assessment of &#8216;character&#8217; and &#8216;identity&#8217; must be fact-specific<br \/>\n2. Additional components that are integral to functionality cannot be dismissed as mere accessories<br \/>\n3. The purpose of modification (even if logistical) doesn&#8217;t negate the transformation<br \/>\n4. The addition of new utility (portability) can be a defining characteristic<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Impact\"><\/span>Impact<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Supreme Court&#8217;s decision in the Quippo Energy case has several significant implications for businesses and tax law:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Business_Implications\"><\/span>Business Implications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Manufacturing Definition: Companies must carefully evaluate their product modification processes to determine if they constitute manufacture under excise law<\/li>\n<li>Tax Liability: Businesses engaged in product enhancement need to reassess their tax obligations<\/li>\n<li>Business Model Considerations: Companies may need to restructure their operations to account for potential excise duty implications<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_Framework_Impact\"><\/span>Legal Framework Impact<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Clear Testing Criteria: The judgment provides a structured approach to determining what constitutes manufacture<\/li>\n<li>Precedent Setting: The decision will guide future cases involving product modification and assembly<\/li>\n<li>Tax Administration: Tax authorities have clearer guidelines for assessing manufacturing activities<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Industry-Specific_Considerations\"><\/span>Industry-Specific Considerations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Power Sector: Particularly relevant for companies dealing with power generation equipment<\/li>\n<li>Import-Based Businesses: Important implications for businesses that modify imported products<\/li>\n<li>Assembly Operations: Affects companies engaged in substantial assembly and modification work<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs\"><\/span>FAQs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q1_What_are_the_key_tests_to_determine_if_a_process_amounts_to_%E2%80%98manufacture\"><\/span>Q1: What are the key tests to determine if a process amounts to &#8216;manufacture&#8217;?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Supreme Court has established two main tests:<br \/>\n&#8211; Transformation Test: Whether the process creates a distinct product with new identity, character, or use<br \/>\n&#8211; Marketability Test: Whether the transformed product can be marketed independently<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q2_How_does_this_judgment_affect_businesses_that_modify_imported_products\"><\/span>Q2: How does this judgment affect businesses that modify imported products?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Businesses must evaluate whether their modifications:<br \/>\n&#8211; Create substantial transformation<br \/>\n&#8211; Add essential functionality<br \/>\n&#8211; Result in a distinct marketable product<br \/>\nIf these criteria are met, the activity may constitute manufacture and attract excise duty.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Q3_What_role_does_the_purpose_of_modification_play_in_determining_manufacture\"><\/span>Q3: What role does the purpose of modification play in determining manufacture?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The Court clarified that the purpose of modification (whether for convenience or necessity) is not determinative. What matters is the actual transformation and marketability of the final product.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The Supreme Court&#8217;s judgment in the Quippo Energy case represents a significant development in Indian excise law jurisprudence. By providing clear criteria for determining what constitutes &#8216;manufacture&#8217;, the Court has created a valuable precedent for businesses and tax authorities alike.<\/p>\n<p>The decision balances technical legal requirements with commercial realities, recognizing that modern manufacturing often involves complex modification and assembly processes. This pragmatic approach helps address contemporary business needs while maintaining the integrity of the tax system.<\/p>\n<p>Looking ahead, this judgment will likely influence:<br \/>\n&#8211; Business structuring decisions<br \/>\n&#8211; Tax planning strategies<br \/>\n&#8211; Product modification processes<br \/>\n&#8211; Import-based business models<\/p>\n<p>The principles established in this case will serve as important guidelines for similar cases in the future, particularly as manufacturing processes continue to evolve with technological advancement.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Claw_Legaltech_Can_Help\"><\/span>How Claw Legaltech Can Help<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Claw Legaltech offers powerful tools to help legal professionals navigate complex tax and excise duty matters like the Quippo Energy case. Here are key features particularly relevant for such cases:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"AI_Case_Search\"><\/span>AI Case Search<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Our advanced AI-powered search engine helps you:<br \/>\n&#8211; Find relevant precedents on manufacturing and excise duty<br \/>\n&#8211; Analyze similar cases across jurisdictions<br \/>\n&#8211; Track evolving interpretations of tax laws<br \/>\n&#8211; Access comprehensive case law databases<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Legal_GPT\"><\/span>Legal GPT<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Our specialized Legal GPT assists in:<br \/>\n&#8211; Analyzing complex tax provisions<br \/>\n&#8211; Drafting legal opinions on manufacturing processes<br \/>\n&#8211; Providing relevant case citations<br \/>\n&#8211; Interpreting technical aspects of tax laws<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Case_Summarizer\"><\/span>Case Summarizer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This tool helps professionals:<br \/>\n&#8211; Generate precise summaries of tax judgments<br \/>\n&#8211; Extract key legal principles<br \/>\n&#8211; Identify relevant precedents<br \/>\n&#8211; Track legal developments in excise and tax law<\/p>\n<p>These features make Claw Legaltech an invaluable resource for legal professionals handling complex tax and excise duty matters, ensuring comprehensive legal research and analysis.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction The concept of &#8216;manufacture&#8217; under Indian tax laws has been a subject of extensive judicial interpretation, particularly in the context of excise duty. The recent Supreme Court judgment in M\/s Quippo Energy Ltd. v. Commissioner of Central Excise Ahmedabad \u2013 II provides crucial clarity on what constitutes &#8216;manufacture&#8217; under Section 2(f)(i) of the Central<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":509,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"two_page_speed":[],"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[24],"class_list":{"0":"post-9605","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-tax-laws","7":"tag-just-in"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9605","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/509"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9605"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9605\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9605"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9605"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com\/Legal-Articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9605"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}