This legal article delves into the critical question of whether the Competition Commission of India (CCI) can inquire into the actions of a patentee who asserts their patent rights in India. The article examines four appeals and a Writ Petition, which collectively raise this common issue of far-reaching implications.

The analysis revolves around the interface between patents and competition law in India, exploring the statutory provisions and judicial precedents governing the subject matter. The article aims to shed light on the scope and limitations of CCI's authority under the Competition Act, 2002, when it comes to patent-related disputes.

Introduction
The intersection between intellectual property rights and competition law has been a subject of significant legal debate in various jurisdictions. In the present case, the court dealt with four appeals and a writ petition that raised a crucial question: Can the Competition Commission of India (CCI) inquire into the actions of a patentee under the Competition Act?

The appeals and the petition stemmed from interventions by CCI against Ericsson and Monsanto concerning the fixation of licensing rates on Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory terms and charging high royalties, respectively.

The appellants, Monsanto and Ericsson, contended that the power to inquire into anti-competitive licensing of patents lies either with the Controller or the Civil Court under specific provisions of the Patents Act. Ultimately, the court allowed the appeal, asserting that the Patents Act prevails over the Competition Act when it comes to matters of abuse of dominant position and anti-competitive agreements by a patentee in the exercise of its rights.

Background and Context
The Competition Act, enacted to promote fair competition, prevent anti-competitive practices, and protect consumer interests, governs anti-competitive agreements and the abuse of dominant market position across all sectors.

On the other hand, the Patents Act is a specialized legislation that regulates the grant, administration, and enforcement of patents, granting inventors exclusive rights to exploit their inventions for a limited period Ericsson's intervention before the CCI was prompted by allegations of it using its dominant position in the market to fix exorbitant licensing rates on its terms for its standard-essential patents.

Similarly, Monsanto faced CCI intervention on the grounds of charging high royalties for its genetically modified seeds, potentially leading to anti-competitive practices in the agricultural sector.

The Appellants' Contention
Monsanto and Ericsson put forth the argument that the authority to inquire into anti-competitive licensing of patents lies with either the Controller or the Civil Court. The appellants contended that these provisions encompassed matters related to licensing rates and any anti-competitive behavior by patentees.

The Court's Ruling
The court, in its judgment, recognized that the Competition Act is a general legislation designed to address anti-competitive agreements and the abuse of dominant market positions across all sectors. However, it distinguished between general and special legislation, observing that when a specific enactment deals with particular subject matter, it prevails over a general enactment concerning the same subject matter.

In this context, the court held that while the Competition Act addresses broader issues of competition and market dominance, the Patents Act is a specialized legislation that governs the rights and obligations of patentees, including the terms of licensing and the remedies for infringement.

Thus, when the issue at hand involves abuse of dominant position and anti-competitive agreements by a patentee in the exercise of its rights under the Patents Act, the Patents Act becomes the special legislation, prevailing over the general provisions of the Competition Act.

Conclusion
The court's ruling in this case offers valuable clarity on the jurisdictional overlap between the Competition Act and the Patents Act in matters concerning patent licensing disputes.

By emphasizing the Patents Act as the specialized legislation governing patentees' actions, the court provides a clear delineation of authority for inquiries into anti-competitive practices related to patents.

This decision not only helps preserve the integrity of specialized IP laws but also ensures that competition law is applied judiciously in contexts where patent rights and licensing practices are at the heart of the dispute. Moreover, the judgment sets a precedent for future cases involving similar issues, guiding both the Competition Commission and patentees on their respective roles and responsibilities in such matters.

The Case Law Discussed
Date of Judgement:13.07.2023
Case Title: Monsanto Holding Pvt.Ltd. Vs Competition Commission of India Limited
Case No: LPA No. 247 of 2016.
Neutral Citation:2023:DHC:4783
Name of Hon'ble Court:High Court of Delhi
Name of Hon'ble Judge: Nazmi Waziri, H.J.

Disclaimer
Information contained herein is being shared in the public Interest. The same should not be treated as substitute for legal advice as it is subject to my subjectivity and may contain human errors in perception, interpretation and presentation of the facts and law involved herein.

Written By: Advocate Ajay Amitabh Suman, IP Adjutor - Patent and Trademark Attorney
Email: [email protected], Ph no: 9990389539