Abstract
To date, INTERPOL is the most important international entity dealing with issues
of transnational policing and international police cooperation with a global
reach. It has no executive powers. Its officials therefore do not arrest
suspects or act without the consent of national authorities. INTERPOL is an
intergovernmental organization whose mission is to promote international police
cooperation. It has a legal personality independent of member states and subject
to international law. Despite many limitations of an objective nature, INTERPOL
in its current form is an important tool in the fight against international
crime.
This institution needs to be further developed with greater involvement
of member states. In the future, INTERPOL can contribute to a significant
improvement in the level of international police cooperation in the world.
However, there are also observations that leaders of some member states have
misused INTERPOL in the past to issue Red Notices against their political
opponents, dissidents, human rights activists and journalists.
Introduction
INTERPOL was not created by treaty nor was it created by states. INTERPOL was
developed by a diverse group of domestic police officers who structured the
international entity and designed its legal framework to work together within
the limits set by the laws of their respective countries. As a product of the
police environment, INTERPOL was for many years constituted to look like a
private police club, fuelling general confusion about the organization's
membership, role and legal status.
INTERPOL was founded in 1923, on September 7, by 20 countries that saw an urgent
need to facilitate cross-border police cooperation. The world has changed since
then, but the need for such collaboration remains as strong as ever. INTERPOL is
a unique organization because it has the mandate and technical infrastructure to
share globally police related information.
Today, INTERPOL plays a central role in the global security architecture,
representing stability, offering neutrality and inspiring trust in a rapidly
changing world. INTERPOL says it will continue to draw on its century of
experience to enable its members to meet new policing challenges for the next
100 years and beyond.
The full name of INTERPOL is the International Criminal Police Organization,
which is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Lyon, France, with
seven regional offices and three special offices worldwide and a national
headquarters in all 195 member states. It helps police in all 195 countries work
together to make the world a safer place, enabling them to share and access data
about crime and criminals, and offering different technical and operational
support.
To facilitate international police cooperation is the mission of INTERPOL, which
is an intergovernmental organization. It has a legal personality that is
separate from the legal personality of the member countries and is governed by
international law. According to its charter, Interpol strives to remain
politically neutral in carrying out its mandate and is thus prohibited from
engaging in interventions or activities that are political, military, religious
or racial in nature and from engaging in disputes over such matters.
Arabic,
English, French and Spanish are the languages in which INTERPOL operates. Out of
its total operating income of €142 million in 2019, 24% was in-kind
contributions, 35% voluntary cash contributions and 41% statutory contributions.
Each of the member countries pays a statutory contribution to INTERPOL each
year; it is a mandatory payment.
The amount each country pays is approved
annually by the General Assembly according to a modified United Nations
contribution scale, based in principle on economic weight. Statutory
contributions generally fund the operational costs of the General Secretariat
and some core policing, training and support activities in line with the
Agency's strategic priorities. Major donors of voluntary (cash) funding in
recent years include the European Commission, Global Affairs Canada and the US
State Department. Singapore and France are the two largest in-kind donors.
Under a strict legal framework and data protection rules to strengthen trust and
ensure the quality of information, member countries contribute data voluntarily
to INTERPOL.
INTERPOL maintains a criminal database of fingerprints, DNA profiles and facial
images provided by its member countries. This allows police around the world to
make connections between criminals and crime scenes. It also trains frontline
officers to evaluate, preserve and share evidence in accordance with best
practices.
Sharing information about fugitives and bringing them back to justice in the
country where they committed the crime has been INTERPOL's main function since
its creation. Today it is even more important in a world where travel is so easy
and crime so fluidly crosses borders. The world is only getting smaller; there
are no borders for refugees and close international police cooperation has never
been more important.
INTERPOL also supports member countries and other
international entities in the search and arrest of refugees who cross
international borders. It provides investigative support, provides training,
connects experts and promotes the sharing of best practices.
It also provides
operational support and assistance in the search for persons wanted for serious
international crimes. It maintains a number of databases containing information
relating to criminals and criminal offences. Millions of records of information
about individuals including names and fingerprints, stolen property such as
passports and vehicles, weapons and firearms are kept by the database.
INTERPOL's day-to-day operations are carried out by the General Secretariat,
which includes approximately 1,000 personnel from more than 100 countries,
including both police and civilians.
The transformational efforts of M. Marcel Sicot, the brilliant Surete detective
who succeeded Ducloux as Secretary General, contributed significantly to the
growth of Interpol. With a dedicated team of forty detectives and the support of
Richard Leofric Jackson, former head of Scotland Yard's CID and President of
Interpol in 1961, the organization now boasts an impressive modern headquarters
in Paris befitting its importance.
Main Goal
According to the "new" statutes of the organization, Interpol's main goal is to
promote mutual assistance between criminal police authorities within the limits
of existing laws in different countries. Its purpose is to establish and develop
institutions for the effective combating of crimes and offenses under the common
law, to the express exclusion of any matters of a political, religious or racial
nature.
In 1949, then Secretary General M. Ducloux reaffirmed Interpol's official
policy. Its aim is to ensure rapid communication between all branches of
criminal investigation, to speed up the identification, arrest and trial of
criminals seeking refuge abroad. In addition, Interpol seeks to provide courts
with a comprehensive view of the true identity of professional criminals. It
involved collaboration with legal experts, sociologists and scientific
professionals from around the world who benefited from discoveries made by
police in direct contact with common law criminals.
INTERPOL's Vision
INTERPOL's vision is "Police Connections for a Safer World", ensuring a world
where law enforcement professionals can securely access, share and communicate
vital police information whenever and wherever needed, thereby promoting the
safety of the world's citizens.
INTERPOL Mission
The mission of INTERPOL's is to prevent and fight crime through enhanced
cooperation and innovation in security and policing matters ensuring the maximum
possible cooperation between law enforcement agencies of the world through
capacity building and training, secure channels, operational support and global
police data and information.
Crimes such as corruption, counterfeit currency and documents, crimes against
children, crimes related to cultural heritage, cybercrime, drug trafficking,
environmental crime, financial crime, firearms trafficking, human trafficking
and migrant smuggling, illegal goods, maritime crime, organized crime,
terrorism, vehicle crime and war crimes are its first priority.
Command and Coordination Centre
The Command and Coordination Centre is the nerve centre of INTERPOL's day-to-day
operations. It is the first point of contact for any country in need of urgent
assistance from the General Secretariat or from another country. Its staff can
help the national police cross time zones and language barriers to help with
investigations.
This could be, for example, searching for refugees or carrying
out identity checks or database checks. From its three operating theatres in
Buenos Aires, Lyon and Singapore, CCC provides 24/7/365 service. The CCC can
respond in all four official languages viz. Arabic, English, French and Spanish
as it is staffed by officials of various nationalities.
To keep up with the rapidly evolving criminal world, the police must constantly
improve their skills, be able to use the high-tech tools and systems available
to them, and always have up-to-date data at their fingertips.
To join terrorist groups young women and men travel to conflict zones. Child sex
offenders are leaving their home countries to exploit victims overseas.
Smugglers and traffickers hide their cargo of illegal goods and desperate
migrants. Fugitives cross borders to escape justice.
Effective border security is an essential part of the fight against
transnational crime. Criminals and terrorists often travel with forged identity
documents.
To check persons, passports and vehicles INTERPOL gives its member countries
access to a number of databases. This access is available to officers of
national central authorities and can be extended to frontline law enforcement
officers at border crossings.
Using a large amount of information
Information is the lifeblood of police work. Millions of records sent from law
enforcement agencies around the world are held by INTERPOL in its various
criminal databases. INTERPOL needs advanced tools to process and analyse this
data in order to identify patterns of crime and establish links between
offenders and investigations.
INTERPOL manages this through the so-called Criminal Analysis Files, which are
databases that store and structure information and allow analysis reports to be
generated. It has specific components related to drug trafficking, illicit
markets (e.g., goods, pharmaceuticals and wildlife products), Eurasian organized
crime, foreign terrorist fighters and the manufacture of bombs and improvised
explosive devices.
Dialogue
The dialogue is a unique process that brings together all the world's regional
police organizations and other major intergovernmental security bodies under the
global umbrella of INTERPOL to hold regular high-level discussions on
coordinating efforts against global threats. This high-level process was
established in 2016 based on INTERPOL's strong belief in the importance of
adopting a comprehensive and coordinated global approach to address security
threats across continents. It seeks to improve mutual cooperation, enhance the
exchange of information and best practices, and minimize duplication among key
international and regional law enforcement stakeholders.
The Working of INTERPOL
In the fight against a range of crimes the General Secretariat coordinates in
day-to-day activities. Staffed by both police and civilians with its
headquarters in Lion, a global innovation complex in Singapore and several
satellite offices, it is run by the Secretary General. National Central Bureau (NCB)
in each country provides INTERPOL point of contact for the General Secretariat
and other NCBs. Responsible for policing and run by national police officers,
NCB generally is located in government department.
Interpol is headed by a President and a Secretary General who work together in
close coordination for achieving its objectives and smooth functioning. It
consists of the administrative departments like General Assembly, General
Secretariat, Executive Committee and National Central Bureau. All countries are
brought together once in a year to take decision by the General Assembly, which
is its governing body run by the Executive Committee and takes all important
decisions viz.
Working methods, programs, resources, finances, policies and
other activities. In the annual meeting each member country is represented by
one or more delegates normally headed by the Chief of law enforcement agencies.
The members of the Executive Committee of the Interpol are selected by the
General assembly to guide and direct in between sessions of the Assembly. The
Executive Committee comprises of a President, three Vice Presidents and nine
delegates to cover four different reasons.
The General Secretariat of the
Interpol works 24/7/365. It has six regional offices for effective functioning
in Zimbabwe (Africa), Thailand (South East Asia), Kenya (East Africa), El
Salvador (Central America), Cote d'lvoire (West Africa) and Argentina (South
America). Interpol has its headquarters in Lyon, France and liaison office in
New York, USA. Interpol through its Executive Committee after confirmation of
the General assembly can appoint advisers who are experts in their fields and
work in a purely advisory capacity.
National Central Bureau (NCB)
In each member country there is an INTERPOL National Central Bureau (NCB). This
links their national law enforcement agencies with other countries and with the
General Secretariat through INTERPOL's secure global police communications
network called I-24/7.
NCBs are the heart of INTERPOL and its operations. They seek information needed
from other national central bureaus to help them investigate crime or criminals
in their country and share criminal data and intelligence to help another
country.
NCBs work with the following agencies as part of their role in global
investigations:
- Law enforcement authorities around the world
- Other NCBs and sub-offices around the world
- General Secretariat offices around the world
In accordance with their respective national laws NCBs contribute national crime
data to INTERPOL's global databases and cooperate on cross-border
investigations, operations and arrests.
Global Network
Nowadays most of the crimes are international and it is important that all
players jointly work and maintain a global security architecture.
With the help of INTERPOL police of different countries can work directly and
cooperation even between countries having no diplomatic relation is possible.
Engaging with the governments of different countries at the highest level to
encourage cooperation and use of its services, it also provides a voice for
police at the global level. INTERPOL is politically neutral and takes its
decisions within the ambit of existing laws in different countries.
Three Main Categories of Notices
For cooperation and alerts that allow police in member countries to share
critical information related to criminal activity international requests are
sent in the form of Notices by INTERPOLE.
The General Secretariat publishes the notice at the request of the national
central offices which are available to all member countries. To further the
cause of justice Interpol uses three main categories of notices, an
internationally recognized document. A red notice requests the police of the
receiving country to locate, detain and hand over the wanted person as this
notice shows urgency or highest priority.
The information or details about a
person, his whereabouts, and movement on specific dates, real name, nicknames
and lifestyle are issued in a blue corner notice. A green colour notice, on the
other hand, serves as a warning asking the recipient country to keep the person
on watch against whom the notice is issued.
Red Notice
A Red Notice is a request by law enforcement agencies worldwide to locate and
temporarily arrest a person pending extradition, surrender or similar legal
action. Judicial authorities of the requesting country issue the arrest warrant
or court order in this regard. Member countries apply their own laws when
deciding whether to arrest a person or not. In order to escape justice criminals
may flee to another country. A red notice alerts police around the world
regarding internationally wanted fugitives. A red notice is an international
wanted person alert, but it is not an arrest warrant.
It contains two main types of information:
- The name, date of birth, nationality, hair and eye colour, photograph and
fingerprints, if available, to identify the wanted person.
- The crime for which they are wanted like murder, rape, child abuse
or armed robbery.
INTERPOL issues Red Notices at the request of a member country after following
all statutes and rules. An average of nine INTERPOL Red Notices is cancelled
each day due to the arrest, extradition or transfer of the fugitives in
question.
Importance of Red Notice
Since they are used to simultaneously alert police in all member countries about
internationally wanted fugitives, Red Notices are important. Sometimes many
years after the original crime was committed, red notices help bring fugitives
to justice. A person, against whom a red notice is issued, is wanted by a
country or an international tribunal. To arrest someone who is the subject of a
red notice cannot be compelled by the Interpol.
It depends on the decision of each member country as to what legal value they
will attach to Red Notice and whether they will arrest the wanted person or not.
Red Notices are issued for fugitives wanted either for prosecution or for
serving a sentence in connection with serious common law offenses such as
murder, rape and fraud. This follows from the criminal proceedings in the
country that issued the request. It is not always the individual's home country.
When a person is prosecuted, it means that the person has not been convicted and
should be presumed innocent until proven guilty. A person sought to serve
sentence means that person has been found guilty by a court in the country that
requested the publication of the Red Notice.
Red Notice may not be issued for some offences
Article 83, INTERPOL Rules on the Data Processing, sets out specific conditions
for the publication of Red Notices against wanted persons in different crimes.
Red Notices can only be published if it is a serious common law offence.
For the following categories of crime they may not be published:
- Crimes that raise controversial questions about behavioural or cultural norms
in some countries. For example, prostitution or crimes related to defamation;
- Crimes involving family/private matters. For example, adultery,
bigamy/polygamy or homosexual acts;
- Criminal acts arising from violations of laws or regulations of
an administrative nature or resulting from private disputes, if the
criminal activity is not aimed at aiding and abetting a serious
crime or is not suspected of being connected to organized crime. For
example, traffic violations, defamation, or issuing bad cheques (if there was no fraudulent or malicious
intent at the time the check was issued).
A non-exhaustive list of specific crimes that fall into above categories are
maintained by the General Secretariat.
Checks carried out before a red corner notice is issued
All Red Notice applications are assessed for compliance with INTERPOL rules by
their Notices and Diffusions Task Force, a dedicated multilingual and
multi-disciplinary working group made up of lawyers, police and operational
specialists. In assessing compliance with the notice, the Task Force shall take
into account all information available to it at the time e.g., information from
the National Central Bureau requesting the Notice, other member countries and
open sources.
If a Notice or diffusion is determined to no longer comply with
the Statutes and Rules of INTERPOL, it is revoked. To remove all information
from their databases, all members of Interpol are informed and requested in this
regard. If information is obtained about a person against whom a Red Notice has
been issued, the local police station and/or the General Secretariat of INTERPOL
may be notified.
Whether or not a Red Notice has been issued against an
individual can be verified on the website of INTERPOL's Commission for the
Control of INTERPOL's Files (CCF), an independent body. Application to the CCF
is free and treated confidentially.
Other Notices
Yellow Notice is issued to trace a missing person or to identify a person who
cannot identify herself/himself. Black Notice is issued to seek information on
unidentified dead bodies. Orange Notice is issued to warn of a process
representing an imminent threat and danger to persons or property event, or to
warn of a person, an object.
To provide information on modus operandi,
procedures, objects, devices, or hiding places used by criminals, Purple Notice
is issued. To inform the members of Interpol that an individual or entity is
subject to UN sanctions, Interpol-UNSC Special Notice is issued.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the notice of the start of a search for suspects on an
international scale by national judicial authorities. Diffusions are prepared
and distributed by INTERPOL national offices via I-24/7 directly to their
counterparts in member countries. Diffusions can be sent to all or selected
national INTERPOL offices. The subject of Diffusion may be a request to stop, to
find out the place of residence or to obtain additional information about a
person.
Limitations of INTERPOL
- The popular image of Interpol as a global police force
hunting down fake passport fraudsters is a myth. Interpol
officers aren't kicking down doors to arrest dirty art thieves.
People who work under Interpol cannot conduct investigations or
make arrests and there is no such post called Interpol Officer.
- Interpol is UN-like in composition. However, it is not intended to
resolve disputes. It is designed to assist the police forces of member
countries.
- Kike the CBI or a frontline police force Interpol is not an
investigative agency.
- It is charged with sharing information and providing technical
assistance to law enforcement agencies.
- Interpol's action against notorious fugitives is dependent on
corresponding action by member countries where the fugitives might seek
shelter
- Interpol cannot act alone. The legal procedure required depends on
bilateral arrangements such as mutual legal assistance treaties.
- Interpol cannot force any member state to carry out its order neither
does it issue any order.
- There are allegations against some member states vis-a-vis arm twisting
Interpol to issue red corner notices against their opponents and critics.
- Questions about the integrity of INTERPOL and its processes came to the
fore in 2018 when the presidency of the organization was up for grabs.
- Interpol has no supervisory functions in relation to the activities of
the national police. Interpol's information exchange activity is conditional
on the voluntary cooperation of individual countries. An important
limitation is the vague definition of the data that member states provide.
INTERPOL and India
India joined INTERPOL on 15 October, 1949 and is one of its oldest members.
National Central Bureau of India is in New Delhi. A large number of red-corner
notices were issued at the request of Indian law enforcement agencies, leading
to the apprehension of several accused persons and convicted fugitives.
India
has been an active member of Interpol over the years being one of the important
and oldest members of Interpol. CBI has conducted several operations with
Interpol. There are over 750 such notices active from India. India also urged
Interpol to expedite red corner notices during the inauguration of the 90th
Interpol General Assembly in New Delhi in October, 2022. The National Central
Bureau (NCB) of India is the Central Bureau of Investigation, New Delhi.
Beyond Judicial Scrutiny
There is no judicial process or scrutiny over the working of Interpol,
ultimately.
Decisions by its General Secretariat on whether to allow data on its system to
exist are made behind closed doors and it is immune from suit in any domestic
court. This means that the data stored in its system can have far-reaching
consequences if an individual is exposed to abuse and illegal behaviour by state
authorities acting in pursuit of improper purposes.
Before any national or international court issuance of Red Notice cannot be
successfully challenged. Such jurisdictional immunity can only be justified to
the extent that an internal appeals mechanism provides an effective remedy in
line with human rights standards. For its failure to deal with large and growing
number of complex complaints, Interpol's Commission for the Control of Files has
been criticized.
It should also be noted that Red Alerts are not the only form of information
that INTERPOL can hold or share with member countries. Various colour alerts are
available for warnings and alerts, additional information and modus operandi,
among others. These must comply with the INTERPOL Statutes and its Data
Processing Rules. There is also provision for diffusions.
Diffusions may not
meet the same criteria as those required for red notices and, given their nature
as bilateral or multilateral forms of messaging between Member States, may have
a wider impact, particularly as they can be more easily placed on a system
without the same level of scrutiny, which is required to place a red alert.
Obstacles and Misuse
International cooperation within INTERPOL is complicated by the fact that many
countries have different police authorities, such as civilian police, military
police, national police, regional police or local police. In order to improve
the international exchange of information within Interpol, Member States should
have technology that enables the rapid and secure exchange of information
between the relevant national services.
The primary obstacle to raising police cooperation within Interpol to a higher
level is the disputes between states and the diversity of their political
interests. As a result, the international community has not yet been able to
agree on many basic standards of international law, such as the definitions of
international terrorism and international crime.
There is no universal international convention on mutual legal assistance and
extradition. Fundamental problems in the functioning of Interpol on the
threshold of internal security of the 21st century, January to June 95 take an
ambiguous position on the recognition of the legality of Interpol's Red Notices.
There is also no universal international agreement governing the issues of
Interpol's immunities and privileges.
It is therefore important that Interpol never again becomes subject to political
control. The means for this is primarily to avoid political leadership and focus
on the practical aspects of police cooperation. The large number of members of
Interpol is its weakness and it has a limited ability to respond quickly to new
threats. It also makes effective cooperation difficult as there is a
multiplicity and diversity of legal regimes within which police authorities of
member states operate.
For the same reasons, Interpol is not flexible enough when it comes to financial
aspects. Based on these claims, critics of Interpol claim that it is only a
"box" and there is no possibility of developing reliable analyzes of criminal
activity.
On holding a proper legal status, the effectiveness of Interpol, which operates
in a transnational dimension, is dependent. Interpol, in the opinion of some
experts in the field of international law, does not have an optimal legal
solution and levers on the national law of individual member states. Interpol's
weakest point is the outdated and ineffective legal basis for its operation.
International organizations continue to report that some states are abusing the
Interpol notification system to persecute national human rights defenders, civil
society activists and critical journalists in violation of international human
rights standards. Available case studies, written reports and interviews with
organizations active in the field confirm the reported abuses.
On the protection
of individuals both substantively and procedurally recent Interpol reforms have
had a significant impact. Full implementation of reforms and transparency are
required in view of the significant increase in the number of Notices and
Diffusions issued by the Interpol.
It was reported recently that Malaysian police plan to seek help from INTERPOL
to track down comedian Jocelyn Chia from the US who joked about the missing
Malaysia Airlines flight MH370. Ms Chia, whose website says she is originally
from Singapore, faced backlash after making statements during a New York club
performance that Malaysian Airlines "can't fly" and that Malaysia was behind
Singapore after the separation of Malaysia and Singapore in 1965.
Conclusion
Taken together, Interpol's sophisticated network, commitment to international
cooperation and innovative methods of identification have earned it a
significant role in global law enforcement. All its actions are neutral
politically and taken within the ambit of existing laws prevalent in the country
concerned.
The agency is fighting a new generation of criminals amid accusations that it
has become a tool of dictators.
While Interpol's big innovation of 1935 was an international radio network for
the police, today it has "I-24/7", a secure communications network described as
"a bit like a private internet just for the police".
Within the framework of laws existing in the various countries and in the spirit
of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the cooperation it enables must
take place, according to the constitution of Interpol. But there were reports
that authoritarian regimes were abusing the notices to persecute dissidents
overseas despite Interpol's constitutional ban on any intervention or activity
of a political, military, religious or racial character. It should not allow any
outside interference in any form in its day to day functioning and run honestly
and judiciously without buckling under any sort of pressure.
References:
- Interpol; https://www.interpol.int/en/Who-we-are/What-is-INTERPOL
- Wikipedia
- Abusive use of the Interpol system: the need for more stringent legal safeguards, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Rapporteur: Mr Bernd FABRITIUS, Germany, EPP/CD, 29 March 2017,
https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=23524&lang=en
- Balancing International Police Cooperation: INTERPOL and the Undesirable Trade-off Between Rights of Individuals and Global Security, Giulio Calcara, 4 October 2020;
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10991-020-09266-9
- Interpol at 100: Does the World's Police Force Work? By Kathy Gilsinan,
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/05/interpol-the-global-police-force-that-isnt/362086/
- Sansad TV Perspective: Interpol- Secure World & Global Responsibility,
https://www.civilsdaily.com/interpol-india-general-assembly-sansad/
- Misuse of Interpol's Red Notices and impact on human rights – recent developments;
https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2019/feb/ep-study-interpol-red-notices.podf.pdf
- How can law enforcement officials access and use the INTERPOL notice system? September 6, 2022,
https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/how-can-law-enforcement-officials-access-63403/
- China: How The Government of the PRC Uses Red Notices Improperly to Pursue People (Part 2 of 2), July 28 2023;
https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/china-how-the-government-of-the-prc-2679653/
- Malaysia: Red Notice Sought For Comedian After Joke On 9th Anniversary Of Missing Flight MH370, 31 July, 2023; By Estlund Law, P.A.,
https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/malaysia-red-notice-sought-for-comedian-9856159/
- Speed up Red Corner notices: PM Modi.. Raj Shekhar / TNN / Updated: Oct 19, 2022, 07:26 IST
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/94951836.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cpp
-
https://www.ca1.uscourts.gov/sites/ca1/files/citations/About%20Red%20Notices.pdf
- https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/interpol/
- https://www.quora.com/Who-pays-the-salaries-and-expenses-of-Interpol
Written By: Md. Imran Wahab, IPS, IGP, Provisioning, West Bengal
Email:
[email protected], Ph no: 9836576565
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