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Legal Professional: Pull Up Your Socks

On 11.08.2023 Government of India introduced three bills in Lok Sabha which will change the overall structure, procedure and basis of how the law is read, understood, practised, enforced and implemented in India.

In the year 1834, the first Indian Law Commission was constituted under the Chairmanship of Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay to examine the jurisdiction, power and rules of the existing Courts as well as the police establishments and the laws in force in India. The Commission suggested various enactments to the Government. One of the important recommendations made by the Commission was on, Indian Penal Code which was enacted in 1860 and the said Code is still continuing in the country with some amendments made thereto from time to time.

The Government of India considered it expedient and necessary to review the existing criminal laws with an aim to strengthen law and order and also focus on simplifying legal procedure so that ease of living is ensured to the common man. The Government also considered to make existing laws relevant to the contemporary situation and provide speedy justice to common man.

Now, it is proposed to enact a new law, namely, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023 by repealing the Indian Penal Code to streamline provisions relating to offences and penalties.

As explained in statement of objects and reasons, these bills have been introduced in order to deal effectively with the problem of organised crimes and terrorist activities. New offences of terrorist acts and organised crime have been added in the Bill with deterrent punishments. A new offence on acts of secession, armed rebellion, subversive activities, separatist activities or endangering sovereignty or unity and integrity of India has also been added.

The fines and punishment for various offences have also been suitably enhanced. It is proposed to provide first time community service as one of the punishments for petty offences. The offences against women and children, murder and offences against the State have been given precedence. The various offences have been made gender neutral.

The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 regulates the procedure for arrest, investigation, inquiry and trial of offences under the Indian Penal Code and under any other law governing criminal offences. The Code provides for a mechanism for conducting trials in a criminal case. It gives the procedure for registering a complaint, conducting a trial and passing an order, and filing an appeal against any order.

Fast and efficient justice system is an essential component of good governance. However, delay in delivery of justice due to complex legal procedures, large pendency of cases in the Courts, low conviction rates, low level of uses of technology in legal system, delays in investigation system, complex procedures, inadequate use of forensics are the biggest hurdles in speedy delivery of justice, which impacts poor man adversely. In order to address these issues a citizens centric criminal procedures are need of hour.

In view of the above, it is proposed to repeal the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and enact a new law, namely, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.

It provides for the use of technology and forensic sciences in the investigation of crime and furnishing and lodging of information, service of summons, etc., through electronic communication. Specific time-lines have been prescribed for time bound investigation, trial and pronouncement of judgements. Citizen centric approach have been adopted for supply of copy of first information report to the victim and to inform them about the progress of investigation, including by digital means.

In cases where the punishment is seven years or more, the victim shall be given an opportunity of being heard before withdrawal of the case by the Government. Summary trial has been made mandatory for petty and less serious cases. The accused persons may be examined through electronic means, like video conferencing. The magisterial system has also been streamlined.

The Evidence Act was enacted in the year 1872 with a view to consolidate the law relating to evidence on which the court could come to the conclusion about the fact of the case and then pronounce judgment thereupon and it came into force on 1st September, 1872. The existing law does not address the technological advancement undergone in the country during the last few decades.

The proposed legislation, namely "Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam", inter alia, provides as under:
  1. It provides that 'evidence' includes any information given electronically, which would permit appearance of witnesses, accused, experts and victims through electronic means;
  2. it provides for admissibility of an electronic or digital record as evidence and it shall have the same legal effect, validity and enforceability as paper records;
  3. it seeks to expand the scope of secondary evidence to include copies made from original by mechanical processes, copies made from or compared with the original, counterparts of documents as against the parties who did not execute them and oral accounts of the contents of a document given by some person who has himself seen it and giving matching hash # value of original record will be admissible as proof of evidence in the form of secondary evidence;
  4. it seeks to puts limits on the facts which are admissible and its certification as such in the courts. The proposed Bill introduces more precise and uniform rules of practice of courts in dealing with facts and circumstances of the case by means of evidence
In view of the above, it is proposed to repeal the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and enact a new law, namely, the Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.

To summarise, three new bills have been presented in Lok Sabha to replace decade old existing laws in India. The proposed changes are formulated in a tabular format as below:
Bill Introduced Bill to replace
THE BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023 Bill No. 121 of 2023 The Indian Penal Code
THE BHARATIYA NAGRIK SURAKSHA SANHITA, 2023 Bill No. 122 of 2023 The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
THE BHARATIYA SAKSHYA BILL , 2023 Bill No. 122 of 2023 The Indian Evidence Act, 1872



Moving forward, it may take a few years for the new legislation to settle. We may see many frequent changes through number of amendments in its initial years, litigations will surge and courts would be flooded with number of cases and we may witness many contradictory judgments from various courts in a time to come, but as the time pass the law will eventually mature and things will settle eventually.

The time has now come for every law professionals to pull up their socks and start learning these new laws. Not only we have to learn the new law but at the same time we have to unlearn the older one, we have to leave behind many legacies, many precedents, many practices and advices that we are habitual of as of now. It's definitely not going to be an easy task as it is well said that "It's very easy to learn but it's very difficult to unlearn".

In this article we are discussing the structure of THE BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023 in brief. There are 19 chapters consisting of 356 clauses in this Bill. We are presenting below list of chapters with their heading and subheadings in a tabular format as below:

 

CHAPTER

HEADING SUB-HEADING Clasue

I

PRELIMINARY   1 to 3

II

PUNISHMENTS   4 to 13

III

GENERAL EXCEPTIONS Right of Private Defence 14 to 44

IV

ABETMENT, CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY AND ATTEMPT Abetment 45 to 62
Criminal Conspiracy
Attempt

V

OFFENCES AGAINST WOMAN AND CHILDREN Sexual offences 63 to 97
Criminal force and assault against women
Offences relating to marriage
Causing of miscarriage, etc.
Offences against children

VI

OFFENCES AFFECTING THE HUMAN BODY Offences affecting life 98 to 144
Hurt
Criminal Force and Assault
Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour

VII

OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE   145 to 156

VIII

OFFENCES RELATING TO THE ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE   157 to 166

IX

OFFENCES RELATING TO ELECTIONS   167 to 175

X

OFFENCES RELATING TO COIN, CURRENCY NOTES, BANK NOTES, AND GOVERNMENT STAMPS   176 to 186

XI

OFFENCES AGAINST THE  PUBLIC TRANQUILLITY   187 to 195

XII

OFFENCES BY OR RELATING TO PUBLIC SERVANTS   196 to 203

XIII

CONTEMPTS OF THE LAWFUL AUTHORITY OF PUBLIC SERVANTS   204 to 224

XIV

FALSE EVIDENCEAND OFFENCES AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE   225 to 267

XV

OFFENCES AFFECTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, CONVENIENCE, DECENCY AND MORALS   268 to 295

XVI

OFFENCES RELATING TO RELIGION   296 to 300

XVII

OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY Extortion 301 to 332
Robbery and Dacoity
Criminal Misappropriation of Property
Criminal Breach of Trust
Receiving of Stolen Property
Cheating
Fraudulent Deeds and Dispositions of Property
Mischief
Criminal Trespass

XVIII

OFFENCES RELATING TO DOCUMENTS AND TO PROPERTY MARKS Property Marks 333 to 348

XIX

CRIMINAL INTIMIDATION, INSULT, ANNOYANCE, DEFAMATION, ETC. Defamation 349 to 356
Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person.

Section wise details under each heading and subheading is also provided for get a fair idea of this bill. This is presented in a tabular format as below:

 
CHAPTER HEADING SUB-HEADING

CLAUSE

HEADING
I PRELIMINARY  

1

Short title, commencement and application.

2

Definitions.

3

General Explanations and expressions.
II PUNISHMENTS  

4

Punishments.

5

Commutation of sentence of death or imprisonment for life.

6

Fractions of terms of punishment.

7

Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple.

8

Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.

9

Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences.

10

Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which.

11

Solitary confinement.

12

Limit of solitary confinement.

13

Enhanced punishment for certain offences after previous conviction.
III GENERAL EXCEPTIONS  

14

Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law.

15

Act of Judge when acting judicially.

16

Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court.

17

Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself, justified, by law.

18

Accident in doing a lawful act.

19

Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm.

20

Act of a child under seven years of age.

21

Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding.

22

Act of a person of mental illness.

23

Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will.

24

Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated.

25

Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent.

26

Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit.

27

Act done in good faith for benefit of child or person with mental illness, by or by consent of guardian.

28

Consent known to be given under fear or misconception.

29

Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused.

30

Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent.

31

Communication made in good faith.

32

Act to which a person compelled by threats.

33

Act causing slight harm.
Right of Private Defence

34

Things done in private defence.

35

Right of private defence of the body and of property.

36

Right of private defence against the act of a person with mental illness, etc.

37

Acts against which there is no right of private defence.

38

When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death.

39

When such right extends to causing any harm other than death.

40

Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body.

41

When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death.

42

When such right extends to causing any harm other than death.

43

Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property.

44

Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person.
IV ABETMENT, CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY AND ATTEMPT Abetment

45

Abetment of a thing.

46

Abettor.

47

Abetment in India of offences outside India.

48

Abetment outside India for offence in India.

49

Punishment of abetment if the act abetted is committed in consequence and where no express provision is made for its punishment.

50

Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor.

51

Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done.

52

Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done.

53

Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor.

54

Abettor present when offence is committed.

55

Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.

56

Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment.

57

Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons.

58

Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.

59

Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent.

60

Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment.
Criminal Conspiracy

61

Criminal conspiracy.
Attempt

62

Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment.
V OFFENCES AGAINST WOMAN AND CHILDREN Sexual offences

63

Rape.

64

Punishment for rape.

65

Punishment for rape in certain cases.

66

Punishment for causing death or resulting in persistent vegetative state of victim.

67

Sexual intercourse by husband upon his wife during separation or by a person in authority.

68

Sexual intercourse by a person in authority.

69

Sexual intercourse by employing deceitful means etc.

70

Gang rape.

71

Punishment for repeat offenders.

72

Disclosure of identity of the victim of certain offences, etc.
Criminal force and assault against women

73

Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.

74

Sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment.

75

Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe.

76

Voyeurism.

77

Stalking.

78

Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman.
Offences relating to marriage

79

Dowry death.

80

Cohabitation caused by a man deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage.

81

Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife.

82

Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage.

83

Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married woman.

84

Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.

85

Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc.
Causing of miscarriage, etc.

86

Causing miscarriage.

87

Causing miscarriage without woman's consent.

88

Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage.

89

Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth.

90

Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide.
Offences against children

91

Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years, by parent or person having care of it.

92

Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body.

93

Hiring, employing or engaging a child to commit an offence.

94

Procuration of child.

95

Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years with intent to steal from its person.

96

Selling child for purposes of prostitution, etc.

97

Buying child for purposes of prostitution, etc.
VI OFFENCES AFFECTING THE HUMAN BODY Offences affecting life

98

Culpable homicide.

99

Murder.

100

Culpable homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended.

101

Punishment for murder.

102

Punishment for murder by life-convict.

103

Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder.

104

Causing death by negligence.

105

Abetment of suicide of child or person with mental illness.

106

Abetment of suicide.

107

Attempt to murder.

108

Attempt to commit culpable homicide.

109

Organised crime.

110

Petty organised crime or organised in general.

111

Offence of terrorist act.
Hurt

112

Hurt.

113

Voluntarily causing hurt.

114

Grievous hurt.

115

Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.

116

Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means.

117

Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal to an act.

118

Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property.

119

Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty.

120

Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt on provocation.

121

Causing hurt by means of poison, etc., with intent to commit an offence.

122

Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by use of acid, etc.

123

Act endangering life or personal safety of others.

124

Wrongful restraint.

125

Wrongful confinement.
Criminal Force and Assault

126

Force.

127

Criminal force.

128

Assault.

129

Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation.

130

Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty.

131

Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonor person, otherwise than on grave provocation.

132

Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person.

133

Assault or criminal force in attempt wrongfully to confine a person.

134

Assault or criminal force on grave provocation.
Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour

135

Kidnapping.

136

Abduction.

137

Kidnapping or maiming a child for purposes of begging.

138

Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder or for ransom etc.

139

Importation of girl or boy from foreign country.

140

Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person.

141

Trafficking of person.

142

Exploitation of a trafficked person.

143

Habitual dealing in slaves.

144

Unlawful compulsory labour.
VII OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE  

145

Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against the Government of India.

146

Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by section 145.

147

Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against the Government of India.

148

Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war.

149

Assaulting President, Governor, etc., with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power.

150

Acts endangering sovereignty unity and integrity of India.

151

Waging war against Government of any foreign State at peace with the Government of India.

152

Committing depredation on territories of foreign State at peace with the Government of India.

153

Receiving property taken by war or depredation mentioned in sections 153 and 154.

154

Public servant voluntarily allowing prisoner of state or war to escape.

155

Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape.

156

Aiding escape of, rescuing or harbouring such prisoner.
VIII OFFENCES RELATING TO THE ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE  

157

Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty.

158

Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof.

159

Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office.

160

Abetment of such assault, if the assault committed.

161

Abetment of desertion of soldier, sailor or airman.

162

Harbouring deserter.

163

Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master.

164

Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman.

165

Persons subject to certain Acts.

166

Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman.
IX OFFENCES RELATING TO ELECTIONS  

167

Candidate, electoral right defined.

168

Bribery.

169

Undue influence at elections.

170

Personation at elections.

171

Punishment for bribery.

172

Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election.

173

False statement in connection with an election.

174

Illegal payments in connection with an election.

175

Failure to keep election accounts.
X OFFENCES RELATING TO COIN, CURRENCY NOTES, BANK NOTES, AND GOVERNMENT STAMPS  

176

Counterfeiting coin, government stamps, currency-notes or bank-notes.

177

Using as genuine, forged or counterfeit coin, Government stamp, currency-notes or bank notes.

178

Possession of forged or counterfeit coin, Government stamp, currency-notes or bank-notes.

179

Making or possessing instruments or materials for forging or counterfeiting coin, Government stamp, currency notes or bank-notes.

180

Making or using documents resembling currency-notes or bank-notes.

181

Effacing writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government.

182

Using Government stamp known to have been before used.

183

Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used.

184

Prohibition of fictitious stamps.

185

Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law.

186

Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint.
XI OFFENCES AGAINST THE  PUBLIC TRANQUILLITY  

187

Unlawful assembly.

188

Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object.

189

Rioting.

190

Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot- if rioting be committed; if not committed.

191

Liability of owner, occupier etc., of land on which an unlawful assembly or riot takes place.

192

Affray.

193

Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.

194

Promoting enmity between different groups on ground of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony.

195

Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration.
XII OFFENCES BY OR RELATING TO PUBLIC SERVANTS  

196

Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person.

197

Public servant disobeying direction under law.

198

Punishment for non-treatment of victim.

199

Public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury.

200

Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade.

201

Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property.

202

Personating a public servant.

203

Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent. CHAPTER XIII
XIII CONTEMPTS OF THE LAWFUL AUTHORITY OF PUBLIC SERVANTS  

204

Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding.

205

Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof.

206

Non-attendance in obedience to an order from public servant.

207

Non-appearance in response to a proclamation under section 82 of Act ___ of 2023.

208

Omission to produce document to public servant by person legally bound to produce it.

209

Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it.

210

Furnishing false information.

211

Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it.

212

Refusing to answer public servant authorised to question.

213

Refusing to sign statement.

214

False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorised to administer an oath or affirmation.

215

False information, with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person.

216

Resistance to the taking of property by the lawful authority of a public servant.

217

Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant.

218

Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servant.

219

Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions.

220

Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance.

221

Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant.

222

Threat of injury to public servant.

223

Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant.

224

Attempt to commit suicide to compel or restraint exercise of lawful power.
XIV FALSE EVIDENCEAND OFFENCES AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE  

225

Giving false evidence.

226

Fabricating false evidence.

227

Punishment for false evidence.

228

Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence.

229

Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment.

230

Threatening any person to give false evidence.

231

Using evidence known to be false.

232

Issuing or signing false certificate.

233

Using as true a certificate known to be false.

234

False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence.

235

Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false.

236

Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender.

237

Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform.

238

Giving false information respecting an offence committed.

239

Destruction of document to prevent its production as evidence.

240

False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution.

241

Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution.

242

Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution.

243

Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due.

244

Dishonestly making false claim in Court.

245

Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due.

246

False charge of offence made with intent to injure.

247

Harbouring offender.

248

Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment.

249

Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender.

250

Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc.

251

Harbouring offender who has escaped from custody or whose apprehension has been ordered.

252

Penalty for harbouring robbers or dacoits.

253

Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture.

254

Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture.

255

Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc., contrary to law.

256

Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law.

257

Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend.

258

Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully committed.

259

Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant.

260

Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension.

261

Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person.

262

Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape, on part of public servant, in cases not otherwise, provided for.

263

Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension or escape or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for.

264

Violation of condition of remission of punishment.

265

Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding.

266

Personation of an assessor.

267

Failure by person released on bail or bond to appear in court.
XV OFFENCES AFFECTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, CONVENIENCE, DECENCY AND MORALS  

268

Public   nuisance.

269

Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life.

270

Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life.

271

Disobedience to quarantine rule.

272

Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale.

273

Sale of noxious food or drink.

274

Adulteration of drugs.

275

Sale of adulterated drugs.

276

Sale of drug as a different drug or preparation.

277

Fouling water of public spring or reservoir.

278

Making atmosphere noxious to health.

279

Rash driving or riding on a public way.

280

Rash navigation of vessel.

281

Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy.

282

Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel.

283

Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation.

284

Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance.

285

Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter.

286

Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance.

287

Negligent conduct with respect to machinery.

288

Negligent conduct with respect to pulling down, repairing or constructing buildings etc.

289

Negligent conduct with respect to animal.

290

Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for.

291

Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue.

292

Sale, etc., of obscene books, etc.

293

Sale, etc., of obscene objects to child.

294

Obscene acts and songs.

295

Keeping lottery office.
XVI OFFENCES RELATING TO RELIGION  

296

Injuring or defiling place of worship, with intent to insult the religion of any class.

297

Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs.

298

Disturbing religious assembly.

299

Trespassing on burial places, etc.

300

Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound religious feelings.
XVII OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY  

301

Theft.

302

Snatching.

303

Theft in a dwelling house, or means of transportation or place of worship, etc.

304

Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master.

305

Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to the committing of theft.
Extortion

306

Extortion.
Robbery and Dacoity

307

Robbery.

308

Dacoity.

309

Robbery, or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt.

310

Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon.

311

Punishment for belonging to gang of robbers, dacoits, etc.
Criminal Misappropriation of Property

312

Dishonest misappropriation of property.

313

Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death.
Criminal Breach of Trust

314

Criminal breach of trust.
Receiving of Stolen Property

315

Stolen property.
Cheating

316

Cheating.

317

Cheating by personation.
Fraudulent Deeds and Dispositions of Property

318

Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors.

319

Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing debt being available for creditors.

320

Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration.

321

Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property.
Mischief

322

Mischief.

323

Mischief by killing or maiming animal.

324

Mischief by injury, inundation, fire or explosive substance, etc.

325

Mischief with intent to destroy or make unsafe a rail, aircraft, decked vessel or one of twenty tons burden.

326

Punishment for intentionally running vessel aground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc.
Criminal Trespass

327

Criminal trespass and house-trespass.

328

House-trespass and house-breaking.

329

Punishment for house-trespass or house breaking.

330

House-trespass in order to commit offence.

331

House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint.

332

Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property.
XVIII OFFENCES RELATING TO DOCUMENTS AND TO PROPERTY MARKS  

333

Making a false document.

334

Forgery.

335

Forgery of record of Court or of public register, etc.

336

Forgery of valuable security, will, etc.

337

Having possession of document described in section 335 or 336, knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine.

338

Forged document or electronic record and using it as genuine.

339

Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable under section 336.

340

Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents described in section 336, or possessing counterfeit marked material.

341

Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security.

342

Falsification of accounts.
Property Marks

343

Property mark.

344

Tampering with property mark with intent to cause injury.

345

Counterfeiting a property mark.

346

Making or possession of any instrument for counterfeiting a property mark.

347

Selling goods marked with a counterfeit property mark.

348

Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods.
XIX CRIMINAL INTIMIDATION, INSULT, ANNOYANCE, DEFAMATION, ETC.  

349

Criminal intimidation.

350

Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of peace.

351

Statements conducing to public mischief.

352

Act caused by inducing person to believe that he will be rendered an object of the Divine displeasure.

353

Misconduct in public by a drunken person.
Defamation

354

Defamation.
Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person.

355

Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person.
 

356

Repeal and savings.

I hope this article would be helpful to the readers, we make every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information in this article, but we are not responsible for any errors or omissions that may occur. The information on this article is for general guidance only and should not be construed as professional advice. We are not liable for any damages or losses arising from any errors or omissions in our content.

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