"Marriage, a sacred bond, is woven with love, trust, and compromise. Its essence lies in understanding, shared dreams, and enduring commitment-anchored by communication and mutual respect." With this I would like to state that Marriage, as a social institution, has been a subject of profound importance, both legally and culturally.

The intricacies surrounding the conditions of a valid marriage have evolved over time, influenced by historical, cultural, and legal factors. This research endeavors to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the conditions that determine the validity of marriage, with a primary focus on the Hindu Law and the Hindu Marriage Act.

Hindu marriage includes the sacred practise of "kanyadan" in which a father presents his daughter to the groom in a ceremonial manner. This ancient custom dates back to the Vedic times. From its beginning to the present, this custom-which represents the handing down of family duties-has undergone changes.

Within Shastri Hinduism, marriage is one of the 16 essential sacraments with great spiritual and social significance. Kanyadan is more than just a gesture; it represents the joining of families, the continuation of a family tree, and a holy connection between people. Hindu marriage has endured over the ages while adhering to its core values, demonstrating the adaptability of this cultural fabric.

It is a sacrament that intertwines familial expectations, social conventions, and spiritual values into Hindu society. This research explores the conditions validating Hindu marriages, tracing the historical evolution of these practices and delving into the nuanced intricacies of kanyadan and associated customs. In this exploration, we aim to unveil the evolving nature of Hindu marriages while recognizing the enduring sanctity that has preserved this tradition over centuries.

Research Methodology
In this research, a descriptive analytical approach is adopted, combining both doctrinal and empirical methodologies to ensure a thorough exploration of the conditions influencing the legality of marriage. This dual-method approach, underpinned by descriptive analysis, aims to provide a comprehensive and detailed understanding of the multifaceted conditions influencing the legality of marriage.

By combining the insights derived from legal doctrines with the lived experiences and perspectives of individuals, this research methodology seeks to present a rich and nuanced portrayal of the factors governing the validity of marriage within the specified context.

Aim and objective
The core objective of this research is to comprehensively explore the intricate facets contributing to the legality of marriages. The specific aims are Firstly, to scrutinize the historical underpinnings shaping the concept of marriage validity within Hindu Law. Further to conduct a detailed analysis of the conditions outlined by the Hindu Marriages Act, elucidating the factors that confer validity to a marriage.

This research aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the legal, cultural, and historical dimensions influencing the validity of marriages, particularly within the context of Hindu Law and the regulatory framework established by the Hindu Marriage Act. By addressing these specific objectives, the study endeavours to contribute valuable insights to the existing body of knowledge on the subject.

Literature Review
The existing body of literature on the subject highlights the dynamic nature of marriage laws and their evolution over time. Historical texts, legal commentaries, and scholarly articles contribute to a nuanced understanding of the conditions governing the validity of marriage. Previous studies have explored various aspects, but a comprehensive analysis comparing the validity of marriage under Hindu Law and the Hindu Marriage Act is still warranted.

Primary sources for this research include legal texts, historical documents, and judicial decisions that have shaped the discourse on the validity of marriage. Secondary sources comprise scholarly articles, commentaries, and comparative studies that offer insights into the legal, cultural, and historical dimensions of marriage.

Research Issues:

1. To examine the historical perspective of the validity of marriage in Hindu Law.
2. To analyse the conditions stipulated by the Hindu Marriages Act that render a marriage valid.
3. To identify and understand the differences in the validity criteria for marriage as per Hindu Law and the Hindu Marriage Act.

Mode of Citation
The citation style used in research paper is Bluebook 20th Edition.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Hindu Shastric law views marriage as a holy union that intertwines social, cultural, and spiritual aspects to create a profoundly meaningful tapestry. Marriage, which has its roots in the concept of divine holiness, is more than just a social compact; it is a sacrament with elaborate ceremonies and rituals. In contrast to certain legal systems, Hindu Shastric law permits a wider range of marriage alliances because it does not strictly adhere to the idea of sapinda partnerships.

It has historically supported heteronormativity, characterising marriage as a relationship between people of different genders. Hindu Shastric law traditionally placed limits on inter-caste marriages, emphasising the preservation of social order and conformity to established values, while acknowledging the value of familial continuity.

A defining characteristic of Hindu Shastric marriage is its profound connection to legacy. Marriage is not merely a contract between individuals; it is a sacrament, a sacred duty, with rituals seeking divine blessings for the couple's well-being and the continuity of the family. This sacred duty extends beyond the earthly realm, as marriage is considered a pathway to attain moksha, or spiritual liberation.

The shared journey of marital life becomes a means for individuals to support each other's spiritual growth and seek liberation from the cycle of birth and death. The purpose of marriage within Hindu Shastric law extends beyond individual fulfillment. It is a sacred duty, contributing to societal stability by providing a structured environment for family life. The institution of marriage is intricately connected to the preservation of the family's legacy, ensuring the continuity of traditions, rituals, and cultural identity.

While societal norms and interpretations have evolved, the sacred nature of marriage in Hindu Shastric law remains integral. It blends familial continuity, spiritual growth, and societal stability into a holistic understanding of this institution. In navigating the complexities of tradition and adaptation, Hindu Shastric marriage endures as a dynamic and revered union, echoing the cultural richness and spiritual depth that characterize the broader tapestry of Hindu traditions.

Characteristics of Sacramental Nature of Hindu Marriage
Hindu marriage is a sacramental institution that is engrained in the religious and cultural fabric of Hindu culture. Hindu marriage is defined as a religious sacrament that combines the physical, social, and spiritual aspects of a man and woman's holy tie. It is regarded as an essential institution for pursuing sexual pleasure, procreation, and the fulfilment of dharma, or duty. Hindu marriages are considered sacred because of a number of important factors that highlight their eternal significance.

Firstly, Hindu marriage is perceived as an enduring bond between the husband and wife, extending beyond the temporal boundaries of life. This permanence implies that the marital union is not dissolved by death, and the spouses are believed to remain connected even after departing from the mortal realm. This characteristic reflects the spiritual continuity inherent in Hindu marital philosophy.

Secondly, the concept of indissolubility is emphasized in the sacramental nature of Hindu marriage. Once the marital bond is tied through religious ceremonies and rites, it is considered irrevocable and cannot be undone. This enduring quality underscores the sanctity of the marital commitment, fostering stability and resilience in the face of life's challenges.

Thirdly, Hindu marriage is intricately connected to religious and holy union. It is not merely a social contract but a sacred covenant that necessitates the performance of religious ceremonies and rites. This characteristic emphasizes the divine sanctity associated with the marital union, elevating it beyond a secular arrangement to a spiritually significant bond.

Historically, the dynamics of Hindu marriage underwent shifts, with ancient practices reflecting paternal authority in decision-making. Fathers were solely responsible for selecting suitable grooms without necessarily seeking the consent of the bride. However, contemporary legal perspectives, as exemplified by Section 12 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955, underscore the importance of consent in validating the marriage.

In the modern context, the absence of consent or mental soundness can render a marriage void, reflecting a contemporary understanding that aligns with notions of equality and individual autonomy. While Hindu marriage is rooted in its sacramental tradition, the evolution of legal frameworks reflects a nuanced blending of traditional and modern perspectives. It is not strictly a contractual arrangement, yet it incorporates elements of both sacrament and contract. The marriage is a sacred commitment, but it also acknowledges the principles of equality and voluntary agreement between the parties involved.

Interpretation with reference to Case Law
While the sacramental nature of Hindu marriage is deeply rooted in tradition, it has undergone nuanced shifts over time, reflecting the interplay between cultural values and evolving legal frameworks. One illustrative case that encapsulates these dynamics is the landmark judgment in Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India (1995).

"In this case, the Supreme Court addressed the intricate balance between traditional sacraments and contemporary legal considerations. The central issue was the conversion of a Hindu husband to Islam with the purported aim of practicing bigamy, thereby evading the legal consequences of having two wives. The Court, while recognizing the sacramental aspect of Hindu marriage, unequivocally held that a Hindu husband, after converting to Islam, cannot solemnize a second marriage without legally dissolving the first marriage. This decision sought to curb the misuse of personal laws to circumvent legal restrictions, highlighting the evolving nature of marital jurisprudence.

The case exemplifies the judiciary's need to balance traditional values with contemporary legal norms. It emphasises how important consent and legality are to the holy institution of marriage. The court's focus on maintaining the integrity of the marriage connection while guaranteeing its legality illustrates the careful balancing act between custom and modern principles.

As a result, the Sarla Mudgal case is regarded as a legal landmark that demonstrates how Hindu marriage has changed throughout time, incorporating contemporary consent and legality while still honouring its sacred foundations. This dynamic between custom and modern legal theories is similar to how Hindu marriage customs are always changing to adapt to changing social norms and legal developments."[1]

Analysing Essential Conditions Of Hindu Marriage
The sacramental essence of Hindu marriage is deeply interwoven with the fabric of religious and cultural beliefs, serving as a vital component in the regeneration of individuals within the Hindu community. Marked as the tenth and final sacrament, marriage holds a mandatory status for every Hindu who chooses not to pursue the ascetic life of a sanyasi.

The legal landscape, as exemplified by the case of "Gullipilli Sowria Raj vs Bandaru Pavani"[2], underscores a fundamental prerequisite: both parties must adhere to Hinduism for the marriage to be valid, as explicitly outlined in Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. The Supreme Court's ruling in "Lila Gupta vs Laxmi Narain & Ors[3]" further illuminates the conditions stipulated in Section 5, clarifying their essential nature while introducing a level of flexibility in their interpretation. This legal nuance acknowledges the dynamic interplay between traditional customs and contemporary legal perspectives.

Crucially, Section 7 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, assumes significance within this framework. Focusing on the procedural aspects, Section 7 delineates the ceremonies and rituals crucial for the solemnization of a Hindu marriage. It articulates the prescribed rituals that substantiate the sanctity of the marital union, providing procedural clarity within the broader sacramental nature of Hindu marriages.

In essence, the intersection of religious traditions and legal provisions reflects a delicate balance, where sacred customs harmonize with legal principles, illustrating the adaptability of Hindu marriage to both tradition and contemporary legal perspectives.

The necessary conditions for a valid Hindu marriage, as outlined in Section 5 of the Hindu Marriage Act, include:

Monogamy:
Prohibiting polygamy and polyandry, Section 5(i) stipulates that neither party should have a living spouse at the time of marriage. Violation of this condition renders the marriage null and void under Section 11 of the Act. Noteworthy cases such as "Bhogadi Kannababu & Ors vs Vuggina Pydamma & Ors"[4] and "Yamunabai Anantrao Adhav A vs Ranantrao Shivram Adhav & Anr"[5] affirm that during the subsistence of the first marriage, a second marriage is deemed null and void.

Mental Capacity:
"Introduced through The Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976, Section 5(ii) outlines conditions for mental capacity, stating that neither party, at the time of marriage, should be incapable of giving valid consent due to unsound mind, suffering from a mental disorder unfit for marriage and procreation, or subjected to recurrent attacks of insanity"[6]. Failure to meet these conditions renders the marriage voidable under Section 12(1)(b) of the Act.

Age of the Parties:
"The legal age for marriage was initially set at 18 years for boys and 15 years for girls. The Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976, later raised the minimum age to 21 years and 18 years, respectively. Breaching the age condition doesn't lead to nullity but is an offense punishable under Section 18(a) of the Act"[7].

Prohibited Degrees of Relationship:
Section 5(iv) prohibits the solemnization of marriage between persons falling within prohibited degrees of relationship, leading to voidable marriages under Section 11 of the Act. Violation of this clause results in imprisonment or a fine under Section 18(b) of the Act. Section 3(g) defines persons falling within prohibited degrees of relationship.

Prohibition of Sapinda Relationship:
Section 5(v) prohibits marriage between persons having sapinda relationships, unless there is a custom allowing it. Marriages violating this condition are void under Section 11 of the Act. Violation of this clause leads to imprisonment or a fine under Section 18(b) of the Act. Section 3(f)(ii) defines sapinda relationships.

Analysis And Opinion: Evolution Of Hindu Marriage Laws, Before And After The Hindu Marriage Act Of 1955
The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 stands as a watershed moment in the legal landscape of Hindu marriages in India. Prior to its enactment, Hindu marriages were primarily guided by age-old customs and rituals, with a lack of standardized legal provisions. This article delves into the transformation brought about by the Hindu Marriage Act, examining key aspects such as age criteria, inter-caste marriages, and degrees of prohibited relationships.

Prior to the Hindu Marriage Act:
Customs and rituals dating back hundreds of years regulated Hindu marriages in the past. The conformity of these unions to social norms and religious practises largely dictated their validity. Nonetheless, because there was no official legal system in place, marriages were recognised informally, which could lead to legal problems. The problem was made worse by the absence of uniform registration procedures. In situations where inheritance, property rights, and legal recognition are involved, weddings' legal status is frequently ambiguous in the absence of a formal record, leading to difficulties.

After the Hindu Marriage Act (1955 Onwards):
The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 introduced a comprehensive legal framework for Hindu marriages. It addressed various aspects, laying down specific conditions for a marriage to be considered valid. These conditions encompassed factors such as age, mental soundness, prohibited relationships, and the principle of monogamy.

One of the noteworthy provisions of the Act was the mandatory registration of marriages. This requirement aimed to provide a formal and recognized record of the union, enhancing legal clarity and reducing the scope for disputes. Additionally, the Act introduced the concept of divorce, providing clear legal grounds for the dissolution of marriages. This marked a significant departure from the pre-Act era, where the legal mechanisms for divorce were not well-defined.

Impact on Validity:
Post the commencement of the Hindu Marriage Act, marriages among Hindus were required to adhere to the Act's stipulations for validity. Non-compliance with provisions, such as marrying within prohibited degrees or failing to register the marriage, could potentially impact the legal recognition and validity of the marriage. The Act sought to bring uniformity and legal rigor to the institution of marriage within the Hindu community.

Age Criteria:
Before 1955, traditional Hindu practices did not specify a minimum age for marriage. Marriages were conducted based on customary practices without explicit age considerations. Post the Hindu Marriage Act, Section 5(3) established a legal age criterion. The Act mandates that the bridegroom must have completed 21 years, and the bride must be 18 years old at the time of marriage. This provision aimed to prevent child marriages and ensure a certain level of maturity among the individuals entering into marriage.

Inter-Caste Marriage:
In the pre-Act era, strict caste-based norms often restricted inter-caste marriages. Societal acceptance was heavily influenced by customary practices, and inter-caste marriages were not socially accepted. The Hindu Marriage Act explicitly permits inter-caste marriages, eliminating caste-based restrictions and granting individuals the freedom to marry across castes. This progressive provision reflected a shift towards a more inclusive and egalitarian approach to marriage within the Hindu community.

Conclusion And Suggestion
Although the Hindu Marriage Act has played a significant role in improving the legal environment around Hindu marriages, ongoing review and possible revisions may be taken into consideration to meet changing societal needs. To make sure that couples are completely aware of the benefits and legal ramifications of marriage registration, efforts could be undertaken to raise awareness of its significance.

Furthermore, considering how quickly societal standards change, it can be ensured that the Act is still relevant and meets the changing needs of the community it serves by conducting periodic reviews of the Act. The legal foundation can also be strengthened by continuing public education campaigns on the Act's provisions and individuals' rights and obligations within the institution of marriage.

In summary, the examination of the prerequisites for a lawful marriage, especially in light of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, indicates a significant shift in the legal framework surrounding Hindu marriages in India. The Act established an organised and all-encompassing framework with the goal of guaranteeing the authenticity, lucidity, and inclusiveness of Hindu matrimonial partnerships.

Prior to the passage of this historic law, marriages were governed by customary practises that lacked explicit legal standards and frequently resulted in legal ambiguity. The creation of precise requirements for validity-which include things like age, mental health, no-bond connections, and the monogamy principle-shows a diligent attempt to infuse the institution of marriage with legal strictures. Mandatory marriage registration adds even more to the formalization of unions, offering a recognized record that enhances legal clarity and reduces the potential for disputes.

By recognising customary marriages, the Act achieves a balance between safeguarding conformity to formal legal standards and maintaining cultural practises. The Act stresses the significance of registration while accepting the legitimacy of marriages consummated through customary ceremonies, in line with the changing demands of a contemporary, legally governed society.

The clauses pertaining to age restrictions, marriage between castes, and the extent of relationships that are forbidden represent a progressive change in social mores that promote equality and inclusivity within the Hindu community. The legal age requirement is to guarantee a particular degree of maturity among those getting married and to stop child marriages. Caste-based barriers are removed when intercaste weddings are explicitly permitted, encouraging a more egalitarian view of marriage.

End-Notes:

• Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 1531
• Gullipilli Sowria Raj vs Bandaru Pavani AIR 2009 SC 1085
• Lila Gupta vs Laxmi Narain & Ors AIR 1978 SC 1351
• AIR 2006 SC 149
• AIR 1988 SC 644
• Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 | Conditions for a Hindu Marriage | Corpbiz. https://corpbiz.io/hindu-marriage-act-1955
• Shubham, U. (2021, February 8). What Are The Essential Conditions Of A Valid Hindu Marriage. Law Corner. https://lawcorner.in/what-are-the-essential-conditions-of-a-valid-hindu-marriage-under-hma-1955/