On 11.08.2023 Government of India introduced three bills in Lok Sabha which will change the overall structure, procedure and basis of how the law is read, understood, practised, enforced and implemented in India.

In the year 1834, the first Indian Law Commission was constituted under the Chairmanship of Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay to examine the jurisdiction, power and rules of the existing Courts as well as the police establishments and the laws in force in India. The Commission suggested various enactments to the Government. One of the important recommendations made by the Commission was on, Indian Penal Code which was enacted in 1860 and the said Code is still continuing in the country with some amendments made thereto from time to time.

The Government of India considered it expedient and necessary to review the existing criminal laws with an aim to strengthen law and order and also focus on simplifying legal procedure so that ease of living is ensured to the common man. The Government also considered to make existing laws relevant to the contemporary situation and provide speedy justice to common man.

Now, it is proposed to enact a new law, namely, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023 by repealing the Indian Penal Code to streamline provisions relating to offences and penalties.

As explained in statement of objects and reasons, these bills have been introduced in order to deal effectively with the problem of organised crimes and terrorist activities. New offences of terrorist acts and organised crime have been added in the Bill with deterrent punishments. A new offence on acts of secession, armed rebellion, subversive activities, separatist activities or endangering sovereignty or unity and integrity of India has also been added.

The fines and punishment for various offences have also been suitably enhanced. It is proposed to provide first time community service as one of the punishments for petty offences. The offences against women and children, murder and offences against the State have been given precedence. The various offences have been made gender neutral.

The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 regulates the procedure for arrest, investigation, inquiry and trial of offences under the Indian Penal Code and under any other law governing criminal offences. The Code provides for a mechanism for conducting trials in a criminal case. It gives the procedure for registering a complaint, conducting a trial and passing an order, and filing an appeal against any order.

Fast and efficient justice system is an essential component of good governance. However, delay in delivery of justice due to complex legal procedures, large pendency of cases in the Courts, low conviction rates, low level of uses of technology in legal system, delays in investigation system, complex procedures, inadequate use of forensics are the biggest hurdles in speedy delivery of justice, which impacts poor man adversely. In order to address these issues a citizens centric criminal procedures are need of hour.

In view of the above, it is proposed to repeal the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and enact a new law, namely, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.

It provides for the use of technology and forensic sciences in the investigation of crime and furnishing and lodging of information, service of summons, etc., through electronic communication. Specific time-lines have been prescribed for time bound investigation, trial and pronouncement of judgements. Citizen centric approach have been adopted for supply of copy of first information report to the victim and to inform them about the progress of investigation, including by digital means.

In cases where the punishment is seven years or more, the victim shall be given an opportunity of being heard before withdrawal of the case by the Government. Summary trial has been made mandatory for petty and less serious cases. The accused persons may be examined through electronic means, like video conferencing. The magisterial system has also been streamlined.

The Evidence Act was enacted in the year 1872 with a view to consolidate the law relating to evidence on which the court could come to the conclusion about the fact of the case and then pronounce judgment thereupon and it came into force on 1st September, 1872. The existing law does not address the technological advancement undergone in the country during the last few decades.

The proposed legislation, namely "Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam", inter alia, provides as under:

1. It provides that 'evidence' includes any information given electronically, which would permit appearance of witnesses, accused, experts and victims through electronic means;
2. it provides for admissibility of an electronic or digital record as evidence and it shall have the same legal effect, validity and enforceability as paper records;
3. it seeks to expand the scope of secondary evidence to include copies made from original by mechanical processes, copies made from or compared with the original, counterparts of documents as against the parties who did not execute them and oral accounts of the contents of a document given by some person who has himself seen it and giving matching hash # value of original record will be admissible as proof of evidence in the form of secondary evidence;
4. it seeks to puts limits on the facts which are admissible and its certification as such in the courts. The proposed Bill introduces more precise and uniform rules of practice of courts in dealing with facts and circumstances of the case by means of evidence

In view of the above, it is proposed to repeal the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and enact a new law, namely, the Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.

To summarise, three new bills have been presented in Lok Sabha to replace decade old existing laws in India. The proposed changes are formulated in a tabular format as below:

Bill Introduced	Bill to replace
THE BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023 Bill No. 121 of 2023	The Indian Penal Code
THE BHARATIYA NAGRIK SURAKSHA SANHITA, 2023 Bill No. 122 of 2023	The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
THE BHARATIYA SAKSHYA BILL , 2023 Bill No. 122 of 2023	The Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Moving forward, it may take a few years for the new legislation to settle. We may see many frequent changes through number of amendments in its initial years, litigations will surge and courts would be flooded with number of cases and we may witness many contradictory judgments from various courts in a time to come, but as the time pass the law will eventually mature and things will settle eventually.

The time has now come for every law professionals to pull up their socks and start learning these new laws. Not only we have to learn the new law but at the same time we have to unlearn the older one, we have to leave behind many legacies, many precedents, many practices and advices that we are habitual of as of now. It's definitely not going to be an easy task as it is well said that "It's very easy to learn but it's very difficult to unlearn".

In this article we are discussing the structure of THE BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023 in brief. There are 19 chapters consisting of 356 clauses in this Bill. We are presenting below list of chapters with their heading and subheadings in a tabular format as below:

 

CHAPTER	HEADING	SUB-HEADING	Clasue
I	PRELIMINARY		1 to 3
II	PUNISHMENTS		4 to 13
III	GENERAL EXCEPTIONS	Right of Private Defence	14 to 44
IV	ABETMENT, CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY AND ATTEMPT	Abetment	45 to 62
		Criminal Conspiracy
		Attempt
V	OFFENCES AGAINST WOMAN AND CHILDREN	Sexual offences	63 to 97
		Criminal force and assault against women
		Offences relating to marriage
		Causing of miscarriage, etc.
		Offences against children
VI	OFFENCES AFFECTING THE HUMAN BODY	Offences affecting life	98 to 144
		Hurt
		Criminal Force and Assault
		Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour
VII	OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE		145 to 156
VIII	OFFENCES RELATING TO THE ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE		157 to 166
IX	OFFENCES RELATING TO ELECTIONS		167 to 175
X	OFFENCES RELATING TO COIN, CURRENCY NOTES, BANK NOTES, AND GOVERNMENT STAMPS		176 to 186
XI	OFFENCES AGAINST THE  PUBLIC TRANQUILLITY		187 to 195
XII	OFFENCES BY OR RELATING TO PUBLIC SERVANTS		196 to 203
XIII	CONTEMPTS OF THE LAWFUL AUTHORITY OF PUBLIC SERVANTS		204 to 224
XIV	FALSE EVIDENCEAND OFFENCES AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE		225 to 267
XV	OFFENCES AFFECTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, CONVENIENCE, DECENCY AND MORALS		268 to 295
XVI	OFFENCES RELATING TO RELIGION		296 to 300
XVII	OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY	Extortion	301 to 332
		Robbery and Dacoity
		Criminal Misappropriation of Property
		Criminal Breach of Trust
		Receiving of Stolen Property
		Cheating
		Fraudulent Deeds and Dispositions of Property
		Mischief
		Criminal Trespass
XVIII	OFFENCES RELATING TO DOCUMENTS AND TO PROPERTY MARKS	Property Marks	333 to 348
XIX	CRIMINAL INTIMIDATION, INSULT, ANNOYANCE, DEFAMATION, ETC.	Defamation	349 to 356
		Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person.

Section wise details under each heading and subheading is also provided for get a fair idea of this bill. This is presented in a tabular format as below:

 

CHAPTER	HEADING	SUB-HEADING	CLAUSE	HEADING
I	PRELIMINARY		1	Short title, commencement and application.
			2	Definitions.
			3	General Explanations and expressions.
II	PUNISHMENTS		4	Punishments.
			5	Commutation of sentence of death or imprisonment for life.
			6	Fractions of terms of punishment.
			7	Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple.
			8	Amount of fine, liability in default of payment of fine, etc.
			9	Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences.
			10	Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which.
			11	Solitary confinement.
			12	Limit of solitary confinement.
			13	Enhanced punishment for certain offences after previous conviction.
III	GENERAL EXCEPTIONS		14	Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law.
			15	Act of Judge when acting judicially.
			16	Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court.
			17	Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself, justified, by law.
			18	Accident in doing a lawful act.
			19	Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm.
			20	Act of a child under seven years of age.
			21	Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding.
			22	Act of a person of mental illness.
			23	Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will.
			24	Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated.
			25	Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent.
			26	Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit.
			27	Act done in good faith for benefit of child or person with mental illness, by or by consent of guardian.
			28	Consent known to be given under fear or misconception.
			29	Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused.
			30	Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent.
			31	Communication made in good faith.
			32	Act to which a person compelled by threats.
			33	Act causing slight harm.
		Right of Private Defence	34	Things done in private defence.
			35	Right of private defence of the body and of property.
			36	Right of private defence against the act of a person with mental illness, etc.
			37	Acts against which there is no right of private defence.
			38	When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death.
			39	When such right extends to causing any harm other than death.
			40	Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body.
			41	When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death.
			42	When such right extends to causing any harm other than death.
			43	Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property.
			44	Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person.
IV	ABETMENT, CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY AND ATTEMPT	Abetment	45	Abetment of a thing.
			46	Abettor.
			47	Abetment in India of offences outside India.
			48	Abetment outside India for offence in India.
			49	Punishment of abetment if the act abetted is committed in consequence and where no express provision is made for its punishment.
			50	Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor.
			51	Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done.
			52	Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done.
			53	Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor.
			54	Abettor present when offence is committed.
			55	Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.
			56	Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment.
			57	Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons.
			58	Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.
			59	Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent.
			60	Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment.
		Criminal Conspiracy	61	Criminal conspiracy.
		Attempt	62	Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment.
V	OFFENCES AGAINST WOMAN AND CHILDREN	Sexual offences	63	Rape.
			64	Punishment for rape.
			65	Punishment for rape in certain cases.
			66	Punishment for causing death or resulting in persistent vegetative state of victim.
			67	Sexual intercourse by husband upon his wife during separation or by a person in authority.
			68	Sexual intercourse by a person in authority.
			69	Sexual intercourse by employing deceitful means etc.
			70	Gang rape.
			71	Punishment for repeat offenders.
			72	Disclosure of identity of the victim of certain offences, etc.
		Criminal force and assault against women	73	Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.
			74	Sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment.
			75	Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe.
			76	Voyeurism.
			77	Stalking.
			78	Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman.
		Offences relating to marriage	79	Dowry death.
			80	Cohabitation caused by a man deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage.
			81	Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife.
			82	Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage.
			83	Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a married woman.
			84	Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.
			85	Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc.
		Causing of miscarriage, etc.	86	Causing miscarriage.
			87	Causing miscarriage without woman's consent.
			88	Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage.
			89	Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth.
			90	Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide.
		Offences against children	91	Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years, by parent or person having care of it.
			92	Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body.
			93	Hiring, employing or engaging a child to commit an offence.
			94	Procuration of child.
			95	Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years with intent to steal from its person.
			96	Selling child for purposes of prostitution, etc.
			97	Buying child for purposes of prostitution, etc.
VI	OFFENCES AFFECTING THE HUMAN BODY	Offences affecting life	98	Culpable homicide.
			99	Murder.
			100	Culpable homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended.
			101	Punishment for murder.
			102	Punishment for murder by life-convict.
			103	Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder.
			104	Causing death by negligence.
			105	Abetment of suicide of child or person with mental illness.
			106	Abetment of suicide.
			107	Attempt to murder.
			108	Attempt to commit culpable homicide.
			109	Organised crime.
			110	Petty organised crime or organised in general.
			111	Offence of terrorist act.
		Hurt	112	Hurt.
			113	Voluntarily causing hurt.
			114	Grievous hurt.
			115	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.
			116	Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means.
			117	Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal to an act.
			118	Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property.
			119	Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty.
			120	Voluntarily causing hurt or grievous hurt on provocation.
			121	Causing hurt by means of poison, etc., with intent to commit an offence.
			122	Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by use of acid, etc.
			123	Act endangering life or personal safety of others.
			124	Wrongful restraint.
			125	Wrongful confinement.
		Criminal Force and Assault	126	Force.
			127	Criminal force.
			128	Assault.
			129	Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation.
			130	Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty.
			131	Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonor person, otherwise than on grave provocation.
			132	Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person.
			133	Assault or criminal force in attempt wrongfully to confine a person.
			134	Assault or criminal force on grave provocation.
		Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour	135	Kidnapping.
			136	Abduction.
			137	Kidnapping or maiming a child for purposes of begging.
			138	Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder or for ransom etc.
			139	Importation of girl or boy from foreign country.
			140	Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person.
			141	Trafficking of person.
			142	Exploitation of a trafficked person.
			143	Habitual dealing in slaves.
			144	Unlawful compulsory labour.
VII	OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE		145	Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against the Government of India.
			146	Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by section 145.
			147	Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against the Government of India.
			148	Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war.
			149	Assaulting President, Governor, etc., with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power.
			150	Acts endangering sovereignty unity and integrity of India.
			151	Waging war against Government of any foreign State at peace with the Government of India.
			152	Committing depredation on territories of foreign State at peace with the Government of India.
			153	Receiving property taken by war or depredation mentioned in sections 153 and 154.
			154	Public servant voluntarily allowing prisoner of state or war to escape.
			155	Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape.
			156	Aiding escape of, rescuing or harbouring such prisoner.
VIII	OFFENCES RELATING TO THE ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE		157	Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty.
			158	Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof.
			159	Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office.
			160	Abetment of such assault, if the assault committed.
			161	Abetment of desertion of soldier, sailor or airman.
			162	Harbouring deserter.
			163	Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master.
			164	Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman.
			165	Persons subject to certain Acts.
			166	Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman.
IX	OFFENCES RELATING TO ELECTIONS		167	Candidate, electoral right defined.
			168	Bribery.
			169	Undue influence at elections.
			170	Personation at elections.
			171	Punishment for bribery.
			172	Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election.
			173	False statement in connection with an election.
			174	Illegal payments in connection with an election.
			175	Failure to keep election accounts.
X	OFFENCES RELATING TO COIN, CURRENCY NOTES, BANK NOTES, AND GOVERNMENT STAMPS		176	Counterfeiting coin, government stamps, currency-notes or bank-notes.
			177	Using as genuine, forged or counterfeit coin, Government stamp, currency-notes or bank notes.
			178	Possession of forged or counterfeit coin, Government stamp, currency-notes or bank-notes.
			179	Making or possessing instruments or materials for forging or counterfeiting coin, Government stamp, currency notes or bank-notes.
			180	Making or using documents resembling currency-notes or bank-notes.
			181	Effacing writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government.
			182	Using Government stamp known to have been before used.
			183	Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used.
			184	Prohibition of fictitious stamps.
			185	Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law.
			186	Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint.
XI	OFFENCES AGAINST THE  PUBLIC TRANQUILLITY		187	Unlawful assembly.
			188	Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object.
			189	Rioting.
			190	Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot- if rioting be committed; if not committed.
			191	Liability of owner, occupier etc., of land on which an unlawful assembly or riot takes place.
			192	Affray.
			193	Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.
			194	Promoting enmity between different groups on ground of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony.
			195	Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration.
XII	OFFENCES BY OR RELATING TO PUBLIC SERVANTS		196	Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person.
			197	Public servant disobeying direction under law.
			198	Punishment for non-treatment of victim.
			199	Public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury.
			200	Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade.
			201	Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property.
			202	Personating a public servant.
			203	Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent. CHAPTER XIII
XIII	CONTEMPTS OF THE LAWFUL AUTHORITY OF PUBLIC SERVANTS		204	Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding.
			205	Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof.
			206	Non-attendance in obedience to an order from public servant.
			207	Non-appearance in response to a proclamation under section 82 of Act ___ of 2023.
			208	Omission to produce document to public servant by person legally bound to produce it.
			209	Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it.
			210	Furnishing false information.
			211	Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it.
			212	Refusing to answer public servant authorised to question.
			213	Refusing to sign statement.
			214	False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorised to administer an oath or affirmation.
			215	False information, with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person.
			216	Resistance to the taking of property by the lawful authority of a public servant.
			217	Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant.
			218	Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servant.
			219	Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions.
			220	Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance.
			221	Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant.
			222	Threat of injury to public servant.
			223	Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant.
			224	Attempt to commit suicide to compel or restraint exercise of lawful power.
XIV	FALSE EVIDENCEAND OFFENCES AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE		225	Giving false evidence.
			226	Fabricating false evidence.
			227	Punishment for false evidence.
			228	Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence.
			229	Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment.
			230	Threatening any person to give false evidence.
			231	Using evidence known to be false.
			232	Issuing or signing false certificate.
			233	Using as true a certificate known to be false.
			234	False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence.
			235	Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false.
			236	Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender.
			237	Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform.
			238	Giving false information respecting an offence committed.
			239	Destruction of document to prevent its production as evidence.
			240	False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution.
			241	Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution.
			242	Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution.
			243	Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due.
			244	Dishonestly making false claim in Court.
			245	Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due.
			246	False charge of offence made with intent to injure.
			247	Harbouring offender.
			248	Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment.
			249	Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender.
			250	Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc.
			251	Harbouring offender who has escaped from custody or whose apprehension has been ordered.
			252	Penalty for harbouring robbers or dacoits.
			253	Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture.
			254	Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture.
			255	Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc., contrary to law.
			256	Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law.
			257	Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend.
			258	Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully committed.
			259	Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant.
			260	Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension.
			261	Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person.
			262	Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape, on part of public servant, in cases not otherwise, provided for.
			263	Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension or escape or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for.
			264	Violation of condition of remission of punishment.
			265	Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding.
			266	Personation of an assessor.
			267	Failure by person released on bail or bond to appear in court.
XV	OFFENCES AFFECTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, CONVENIENCE, DECENCY AND MORALS		268	Public   nuisance.
			269	Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life.
			270	Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life.
			271	Disobedience to quarantine rule.
			272	Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale.
			273	Sale of noxious food or drink.
			274	Adulteration of drugs.
			275	Sale of adulterated drugs.
			276	Sale of drug as a different drug or preparation.
			277	Fouling water of public spring or reservoir.
			278	Making atmosphere noxious to health.
			279	Rash driving or riding on a public way.
			280	Rash navigation of vessel.
			281	Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy.
			282	Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel.
			283	Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation.
			284	Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance.
			285	Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter.
			286	Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance.
			287	Negligent conduct with respect to machinery.
			288	Negligent conduct with respect to pulling down, repairing or constructing buildings etc.
			289	Negligent conduct with respect to animal.
			290	Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for.
			291	Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue.
			292	Sale, etc., of obscene books, etc.
			293	Sale, etc., of obscene objects to child.
			294	Obscene acts and songs.
			295	Keeping lottery office.
XVI	OFFENCES RELATING TO RELIGION		296	Injuring or defiling place of worship, with intent to insult the religion of any class.
			297	Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs.
			298	Disturbing religious assembly.
			299	Trespassing on burial places, etc.
			300	Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound religious feelings.
XVII	OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY		301	Theft.
			302	Snatching.
			303	Theft in a dwelling house, or means of transportation or place of worship, etc.
			304	Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master.
			305	Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to the committing of theft.
		Extortion	306	Extortion.
		Robbery and Dacoity	307	Robbery.
			308	Dacoity.
			309	Robbery, or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt.
			310	Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon.
			311	Punishment for belonging to gang of robbers, dacoits, etc.
		Criminal Misappropriation of Property	312	Dishonest misappropriation of property.
			313	Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death.
		Criminal Breach of Trust	314	Criminal breach of trust.
		Receiving of Stolen Property	315	Stolen property.
		Cheating	316	Cheating.
			317	Cheating by personation.
		Fraudulent Deeds and Dispositions of Property	318	Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors.
			319	Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing debt being available for creditors.
			320	Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration.
			321	Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property.
		Mischief	322	Mischief.
			323	Mischief by killing or maiming animal.
			324	Mischief by injury, inundation, fire or explosive substance, etc.
			325	Mischief with intent to destroy or make unsafe a rail, aircraft, decked vessel or one of twenty tons burden.
			326	Punishment for intentionally running vessel aground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc.
		Criminal Trespass	327	Criminal trespass and house-trespass.
			328	House-trespass and house-breaking.
			329	Punishment for house-trespass or house breaking.
			330	House-trespass in order to commit offence.
			331	House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint.
			332	Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property.
XVIII	OFFENCES RELATING TO DOCUMENTS AND TO PROPERTY MARKS		333	Making a false document.
			334	Forgery.
			335	Forgery of record of Court or of public register, etc.
			336	Forgery of valuable security, will, etc.
			337	Having possession of document described in section 335 or 336, knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine.
			338	Forged document or electronic record and using it as genuine.
			339	Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable under section 336.
			340	Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents described in section 336, or possessing counterfeit marked material.
			341	Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security.
			342	Falsification of accounts.
		Property Marks	343	Property mark.
			344	Tampering with property mark with intent to cause injury.
			345	Counterfeiting a property mark.
			346	Making or possession of any instrument for counterfeiting a property mark.
			347	Selling goods marked with a counterfeit property mark.
			348	Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods.
XIX	CRIMINAL INTIMIDATION, INSULT, ANNOYANCE, DEFAMATION, ETC.		349	Criminal intimidation.
			350	Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of peace.
			351	Statements conducing to public mischief.
			352	Act caused by inducing person to believe that he will be rendered an object of the Divine displeasure.
			353	Misconduct in public by a drunken person.
		Defamation	354	Defamation.
		Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person.	355	Breach of contract to attend on and supply wants of helpless person.
			356	Repeal and savings.

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