Digital technology and new communication systems have made dramatic and drastic changes in our lives as most business transactions are being made with the help of computers. The business communit...

The transgender community in India faces a variety of issues which include problems relating to marriage, property, electoral rights, adoption, etc. to name a few. After the judgment in the cas...

In India, the term maintenance� is defined by Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 as well as personal laws. The term ‘maintenance� in Indian law refers to an entitlement to fo...

On 15th July 2021 Supreme Court bench led by CJI NV Ramana expressed their concern about the unbridled use of sedition law against the city which has again reignited the public debate over this...

Asthi Visarjan is a very significant ritual in the Hindu religion which means immersion of the left ashes collected from Antim Sanskar (Last Rites) of a dead person. But in the time of Covid-19...

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY) and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) on 25.02.2021, notified the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines...

Some people feel that the sex they were assigned at birth doesn�t match their gender identity or the gender that they feel they are inside. These people are often called transgender.&nb...

With the onset of 2020, the Indian Government has sought to replace the 34 years old National Policy on Education which had been implemented in 1986 with the New Education Policy with the visio...

The National Bank for Financing Infrastructure and Development Bill, 2021 (the Bill) was introduced in Lok Sabha on March 22, 2021. The National Bank for Finance Infrastructure and Development ...

COVID-19 consequences have already been faced by the business concerning the ability to honour their commitments. Several businesses are left with no other choices but to accommodate with inade...

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 alters the MTPA 1971 to raise the upper limit for abortion from 20 to 24 weeks for certain types of women. The Amendment raises the up...

A decision that has already been taken by a higher court is binding to the lower court and at the same time stands as a precedent to the lower court judgment, which cannot be altered by a lower...

Drugs play a very important role in the management of ailment and illness in human life and in this context medical practitioners are given the responsibility of prescribing the various drugs r...

The government of India has earlier this year, introduced amendments to the Copyright Rules, 2013. The changes introduced by way of the 2021 amendment are meant to bring harmony between all exist...

The concept of bail, which is a basic part of the Indian criminal jurisprudence and it is well recognized principle among all the judicial systems of the world. Bail, in law, means procurement ...

Order XXII Rule 1 Manovikash Kendra Rehabilitation and Research Institute vs Prem Prakash Lodha [2005 (7) SCC 224] � During the pendency of the appeal if the respondent/decree-holder died ...

The CLAA has also brought an amendment in the POCSO by amending section 42 of the Act. The purpose of section 42 is to give the general law of IPC an overriding effect over POCSO in the matters...

Over the last few decades, concern and outrage over the prevalence, magnitude and impact of violence against women has grown to the point that any form of crime against women is now recognized ...

Comparative law is an educational discipline in which, the legal systems of different countries are studied. This has led to the development of various branches of law, such as constitutional l...

India is one of the most biodiversity in the world, also one of the most ancient civilizations in the world. Therefore, it has a very rich treasure of traditional knowledge. It can be defined a...

Geographical indications means any indication which define the goods as originating in the territory of a country or a region or locality in that territory, provided a given quality reputation ...

Information technology law, also known as cyber law, is related to legal informatics and governs the aspects related to circulation of the digital information, software, electronic commerce, et...

Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, and symbols, names and images used in commerce. It is protected in law by patent...

Uniform Civil Code seeks to replace personal laws based on the scriptures and customs of each major religious community in India with a common set of rules governing every citizen. A will is ma...

Law states that any Indian, non-Indian or a foreigner can adopt a child who is medically fit and financially able to take care of the child. Adoption is not permitted in the personal laws of Mu...

There is no particular law in India to lay down the rights and commitments for the parties in a live-in relationship, and for the status of children born to such couples. However, the court has...

All over the world, marriage began as a sacrament (religious ceremony). Hindus took marriage as indissoluble (unable to be destroyed) even after death. Whereas, Muslims took marriage as a contr...

Girdawari is a crop harvest inspection. When the crops ripen and become ready for harvesting, the Patwari must visit each field and record the result of crops in the register of Khasra Girdawar...

The Oxford Dictionary defines the word mutation as an action or process of change in the form or structure. In revenue parlance, the mutation is the transfer of right or ownership by any legal ...

Under section 21 of the Land Revenue Act Svt. 1996, a record prepared at the time of settlement or revision of an Estate is known as Record-of-Rights. It contains the Shajra Nasab of the landho...

Commercial law plays significant role in the smooth functioning of trade and commerce. In India, we have several commercial laws, some of the prominent among them like Sale of Goods Act, 1930, Pa...

Contracts are of many types such as standard form of contract, quasi-contract and specific contracts. They all have distinct salient features from each other. Bailment, pledge, indemnity, guara...

Contract plays a significant role in our daily life. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, which have obligation and rights according to the content of the agreement. A contra...

Generally, a person is liable for his own wrongful acts and one does not incur any liability for the acts done by others. In certain cases, like vicarious liability, the liability of one person...

Tort is when one person or entity inflicts an injury upon another, in which the injured party can sue for damages. There are numerous specific torts including negligence, nuisance, trespass, de...

The law of tort is a branch of civil law, which consists of various torts or wrongful acts that violate some legal rights vested in a person by law. General defences are a set of defences that ...

When a person commits any offence, then he or she is punished, so that such act or omissions do not repeat in the future. There are different theories to understand the nature of punishment and...

Offence is an action which harms others, disturb the tranquility of a society, waging war against the State, etc. It is ubiquitous. The offences are of various types such as against human body,...

The criminal law outlines different punishments for various crimes. But a person may not always be punished for a crime that he has committed. The Indian Penal Code, 1860 recognizes defences in...

In our society, a crime often takes place which are against the principle of humanity. A person convicted for a crime has a certain criminal liability. The general principles i.e. Actus reus an...

Human rights are inherent in human beings, they are a must for a person to live a dignified life. International humanitarian law plays a prominent role in ensuring rule of law during armed conf...

In the sphere of international law, many concepts are used such as recognition of states and governments, nationality, refugees and internally displaced people, immigrant, extradition and asylu...

International law, also called public international law or law of nations, is the legal body describing rules, norms, and standards that apply between sovereign state and other entities which a...

Prologue Administrative law deals with the legal control of the government and related administrative powers. On the other hand, judicial review is a process under which executive or legislati...

According to the Constitution of India, the executive branch i.e., the Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the legislature. The Union Executive in India consists of a Pres...

The Preamble serves as the introduction or the preface to the Constitution and contains the summary or essence of the Constitution. It has also been referred as the 'Soul of the Constitution'. ...

Various social issues like poverty, development and global justice also had an impact in the reformation of the society across the world. Modernism can be characterized by a deliberate and ofte...

The concept of property has an important place in the life-of human being because it is impossible to live in this material world without using the material objects which is the subject matter ...

The real credit for the development of human civilization goes to law and its prohibitive provisions which apprised human beings of their rights and duties. The primary aim of law is to protect...

It is well known that law being a dynamic concept, it changes with the evolution of society under different socio-economic and political conditions. The rapid changes in modern times have given...

Dying Declaration is admissible in evidence being hearsay evidence. This piece of hearsay evidence is admissible as an exception to the general rule of evidence that hearsay evidence is no eviden...

Social life requires cooperation and order, and order requires laws. It is possible to have order of some sort, by submitting to the rule of a leader, a dictator who is able to coerce the non-coo...

The Constitution is an organic living document. Its outlook and expression as perceived and expressed by the interpreters of the Constitution must be dynamic and keep pace with the changing Times...

Geopolitical social changes set alterations into social reality providing for the creation of appropriate conditions for an individual as to the development of his personality, the protection of ...

Where the court proceeds with the case in ignorance of the fact of death of a person and passes a decree, that decree cannot be treated as a nullity. It may, no doubt, be a wrong decree, but it w...

The village panchayats constitute very old and traditional/administrative institution in India. With the decline of Mughal Empire and advent of British power, this institution lost its prestige a...

The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, was enacted to give a statutory base to legal aid programmes throughout the country on a uniform pattern. The Act was brought into force with effect from...

An Act to define and limit the powers of certain courts in punishing contempt of courts and to regulate their procedure in relation thereto. Legal History of Contempt of CourtsPrior to contempt o...

Wassiyat Under Muslim law will is known as Wasiyat. A person who will is called testator. Will means strength of mind. Tyabi defines will as legal declaration of the intention of a testator with ...

Nepotism is a practice associated with the special evil of corruption. Nepotism means favouritism shown towards one's own relatives. According to the dictionary meaning, nepotism refers to giving...

Prologue I promise to take care of him/her�in sickness and in health�and until death do us apart The above is an oft quoted line when it comes to love and especially marriage. These are promises ...

Conditions for valid marriage under Dharma Shastras and under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. The Hindu marriage is samskara or a sacrament. The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 has however brought abou...

Definition of Maintenance:The Hindu Law of Maintenance has been codified under The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956. According to Sec. 3 of the Act maintenance includes: In all cases p...

Basis and Objects of AdoptionAncient Hindu lawyers recognized twelve kinds of sons. They were broadly classified into three groups: Atmaja son (sons born of oneself). Paraja sons (sons born of...

President is the executive head of India, while the Governor of a State. The position and powers of the two are more or less similar. Election of the President The President is elected by an elec...

In India, under the provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, it is mandatory that every vehicle should have a valid Insurance to drive on the road. Any vehicle used for social, domestic and pl...

Object Of The PunishmentThe object of punishment is the prevention of crime, and every punishment is intended to have a double effect, viz., to prevent the person who has committed a crime from r...

The word property is used in numerous senses in general. If one looks around in the surroundings, everything available may be categorized as Property. Every object, whether tangible or intangible...

All States have the same right of self-preservation as their subjects, and States like men have from time immemorial, exacted safeguards for their own preservation and protection. Sedition is an ...

Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, legal reasoning, legal systems and legal institutions. Mo...

The main characteristic of a federal Constitution is the distribution of powers between the Centre and the States. The Indian Constitution provides for a new kind of federalism to meet India's pe...

General Defences: Nature and ScopeA defence is a plea put forth by the defendant against the claims of the plaintiff. The following are the defences open to a defendant in an action for tortious ...

Tort in common law, civil law, and the vast majority of legal systems that derive from them, any instance of harmful behaviour, such as physical attack on one's person or interference with one's ...

Maintenance of peace and order is essential in any society for human beings to live peacefully and without fear of injury to their lives, limbs and property. This is possible only in States where...

Property is mainly divided into two parts, namely movable and immovable. Any offence which is committed in regard to any property whether it is movable or immovable is punishable under the provis...

Competition is a process of economic rivalry between market players to attract customers. Competition also refers to a situation in a business environment where businesses independently strive fo...

History of Consumer Protection Movement in India: The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 was enacted as a result of widespread consumer protection movement. On the basis of the report of the Secretary...

Prologue Accountancy is the science, art and practice of an accountant. It is a discipline which records, classifies, summarises and interprets financial information about the activities of a ...

Judiciary is that branch of government which interprets law, settles disputes and administers justice. Laws are like dead letters without courts to explain and expound their meaning. Judiciary is...

Chapter IV of the Indian Penal Code deals with the general exceptions to criminal liability. There are various kinds of acts (exceptions) done under the circumstances mentioned in Secs. 76 to 106...

A quasi-contract (or implied in law contract or constructive contract) is a fictional contract recognised by a court. The notion of a quasi-contract can be traced to Roman law and is st...

Remoteness of damage is an interesting principle. Once the damage is caused by a wrong, there have to be liabilities. The question is how much liability can be fixed, and what factor determines i...

Prologue Under Indian Penal Code, offences against human body is defined. Humans, who claim to be the only intelligible species on this earth, feel they have humanity amongst them but the fact...

The law of contract lays down the legal rules relating to promises: their formation, their performance, and their enforceability. Explaining the object of the law of contract, Sir William Anson o...

Organization of nations which is the result of treaties based on international law is called international organization. International organizations bodies of permanent institutions with the co...

The expression international disputes covers not only disputes between states as such, but also other cases that have come within the ambit of international regulation, being certain categories...

Prologue The liberty of a state to accord asylum to a person overlaps to a certain extent with its liberty to refuse extradition or rendition of that person at the request of some other state, an...

Meaning of Recognition: According to Phillip Jessup, recognition means that an existing State acknowledges the political entity of another State, by overt or covert act. It may be noted that reco...

Prologue At its most abstract level, international law concerns norms that govern the conduct of States and the relations between them. That isn't to say that international law's reach does not g...

The term International Law or Law of Nations has been used in contradistinction to the National Law or Municipal Law which means the law of country. International Law is, generally, above and out...

Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively. The concept of humanism refers primarily to a system 0f thought, w...

The Preamble to our Constitution declares: WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its ci...

Prologue In modern times, the concept of State has undergone a radical change. The individualistic view of the functions of the State and the ...

Section 16 provides that there shall be two classes of advocates, namely, senior advocates and other advocates. An advocate may, with his consent, be designated as senior advocate if the Suprem...

Documentary evidence under Chapter V of the Evidence Act, 1872 is of great importance during the course of trial as the same is the primary piece of evidence. Sections 62 and 63 of the Indian E...

The right to property is one of the most controversial human rights, both in terms of its existence and interpretation. The controversy about the definition of the right meant that it was not in...

In the present time in almost in every country irrespective of its political philosophy the administrative process has increased too rapidly that today we are living not in its shade but shadows....

The contempt jurisdiction is very wide. The Court has power to punish every person, body or authority found guilty of the contempt of Court. Contempt by Lawyers, on account of the nature of dutie...

The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India at national, state and district level. The body administers el...

According to it, the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen in such a manner as the State may by law determine. Accordingly, the Governme...