Introduction A First Information Report (FIR) starts the criminal investigation process under Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita…

Introduction Bail, as defined under Section 2(1)(b) of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, means the release of a person…

Introduction Traditional criminology mostly studied men and ignored women or treated them as unusual exceptions. Feminist criminology challenged this by…

Introduction The First Information Report (FIR) is the foundational catalyst of the Indian criminal justice system, setting the law in…

Introduction The registration of a First Information Report (FIR) marks the formal opening of the criminal justice process under Section…

Introduction The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) introduces a refined, step-by-step escalation process for citizens when police refuse to…

Introduction When a Station House Officer (SHO) or Officer-in-Charge (OC) refuses to record information disclosing a cognizable offence, the BNSS,…

Introduction The refusal or failure of a police officer to receive information disclosing a cognisable offence or to register a…

Introduction The registration of an offence is one of the most critical statutory duties of a police officer. An FIR…

Introduction Under Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), the law ordinarily prohibits registering multiple First Information…