Introduction Refusal by the police to acknowledge receipt of a written complaint is a common administrative hurdle faced by citizens.…

Section 175(3) BNSS: Magistrate’s Power to Order Investigation Introduction The First Information Report (FIR) is the gateway to India’s criminal…

Abstract The evolution of technology has significantly reshaped the landscape of modern criminal investigations and legal proceedings. From the introduction…

Introduction Prompt registration of a First Information Report (FIR) and its expeditious transmission to the jurisdictional Magistrate under Section 157(1)…

Introduction The First Information Report (FIR) is ordinarily the formal starting point of a police investigation into a cognisable offence.…

Introduction A Vexatious First Information Report (FIR) represents one of the most troubling distortions of India’s criminal justice system. It…

Introduction The First Information Report (FIR) under Section 173 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS)—formerly Section 154 of…

Introduction An FIR is ordinarily not substantive evidence. Its principal purpose is to set the criminal law in motion and,…

What Is Preliminary Enquiry (PE) Under BNSS? 1. Background Prior to Lalitakumari Judgement there were discretionary procedures applied by Police,…

Introduction Cybercrime has fundamentally altered the nature of criminality by rendering geographical boundaries largely irrelevant. A victim may reside in…