Bhopal Medical Interns’ Stipend Protest: How Doctors Can Legally Press for Rs 30,000 Without Losing the Battle

“When those who save lives are forced to fight for the value of their own work, the real question is not how much they are asking for—it is why society made them ask at all.” — Adv. Tarun Choudhury, Supreme Court Advocate | 25+ Years of Legal Experience

Introduction: A Protest That Should Not Be Allowed to Become a Dead End

The scenes from Bhopal are difficult to ignore.

Young doctors in white coats protesting for a higher internship stipend. Barricades. A water cannon. Allegations of injuries. Police action. Traffic disruption. Hospital services under pressure. Junior doctors extending support. Senior doctors threatening escalation.

At first glance, this looks like another confrontation between doctors and the government over remuneration.

I believe that description is incomplete.

The Bhopal dispute is actually a much more interesting legal problem. It sits at the intersection of medical education, administrative law, constitutional rights, police powers, public health, and government accountability.

The interns are reportedly demanding that their monthly stipend be increased from approximately ₹14,337 to ₹30,000. But the most important question is not simply whether ₹30,000 sounds reasonable.

The more important question is

How did the state arrive at the present stipend, when was it last reviewed, what mechanism governs revision, and has the government properly considered the demand for a higher amount?

That question has a much better chance of surviving judicial scrutiny.

After examining the available government material, NMC regulations, Supreme Court orders, and current reporting, I would advise the interns to change the nature of their campaign.

Do not abandon the demand for ₹30,000. Change the way you fight for it.

The First Thing I Would Tell the Interns

If I were advising the protesting interns today, my first advice would be:

Do not make ₹30,000 an ultimatum backed by an indefinite strike. Make ₹30,000 the result you are asking the government to justify, calculate, and decide through a transparent process.

That may sound like a subtle difference.

Legally, it is a very significant one.

A court is understandably reluctant to tell a state government exactly how much it must spend on a particular category of persons.

But a court is on much firmer ground when it asks:

• What is the applicable government order?
• What is the governing policy?
• What criteria are being used?
• Has the government considered the representation?
• Why has the decision been delayed?
• What does the applicable NMC framework require?
• How do comparable institutions and states treat their interns?
• Is the existing mechanism still rational?

That is where I would build the case.

₹14,337 Is Not an Arbitrary Number Pulled From Thin Air

There is an important correction that must be made before anyone writes a serious legal article about this controversy.

The present stipend figure cannot simply be described as an unexplained government number.

I have examined the Madhya Pradesh Department of Public Health & Medical Education order dated 13 March 2026.

That order revised the MBBS intern stipend from ₹13,928 to ₹14,337, with effect from 1 April 2025.

The order records a Consumer Price Index figure of 2.94 as the basis for the revision.

In other words, Madhya Pradesh already has a mechanism for revising stipends by reference to inflation.

This is important.

It means that a lawyer cannot responsibly walk into court and simply argue:

“The government has arbitrarily fixed ₹14,337 without any methodology.”

The government has a document to answer that allegation.

The better argument is more sophisticated:

Does an inflation-linked revision adequately determine the appropriate base stipend for a medical intern performing a compulsory clinical internship in a government hospital?

That is a much more interesting question.

The Hidden Weakness of an Inflation-Only Formula

The Consumer Price Index measures changes in prices.

It tells us something about the purchasing power of money.

But it does not necessarily answer another question:

What is the appropriate value of a compulsory clinical medical internship?

A medical intern is not merely sitting in a classroom.

The internship involves clinical exposure and responsibilities within the healthcare system. Depending upon the posting, interns can be deployed in wards, outpatient departments, emergency services, labor rooms, operation theaters, and other clinical settings.

Therefore, an adequate stipend methodology could reasonably consider more than inflation.

It could consider:

• Clinical responsibility;
• Workload;
• Duty requirements;
• Cost of living;
• Historical stipend levels;
• Comparable States;
• Institutional facilities;
• Accommodation;
• Food;
• Transport;
• State fiscal capacity.

I am not suggesting that any one of these automatically creates a legal right to ₹30,000.

I am saying that they provide a rational basis for asking the government to reconsider the base stipend itself.

The Supreme Court Has Already Entered This Territory

This is where the Bhopal interns have an important legal advantage.

The Supreme Court has already considered the question of medical internship stipend in Abhishek Yadav v. Army College of Medical Sciences & Ors.

In that case, the Court considered the NMC’s Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship Regulations, 2021.

The regulations provide for payment of stipend to interns at the rate fixed by the appropriate authority applicable to the institution, university, or state.

The Supreme Court made an important observation:

“The mandate of the regulations adopted by the National Medical Commission cannot be breached.”

The Court then directed payment of ₹25,000 per month as an interim stipend after considering comparative rates at other medical institutions.

This precedent must, however, be used honestly.

The Supreme Court did not declare that ₹25,000 is a universal constitutional minimum for every MBBS intern in India.

Nor did it declare ₹30,000 to be an automatic entitlement.

But the order demonstrates two extremely useful propositions:

1. First, the NMC’s stipend requirement has real regulatory force.
2. Second, comparative stipend rates can be relevant when considering an appropriate interim stipend.

That gives the Bhopal interns something far stronger than a newspaper argument.

The Supreme Court Is Still Dealing With Stipend Compliance

There is another development that should not be overlooked.

The stipend issue has continued before the Supreme Court.

In proceedings connected with the Abhishek Yadav litigation, the NMC has been required to provide information concerning stipend compliance across medical colleges. The Court’s continuing involvement demonstrates that internship stipend compliance remains a live national regulatory issue.

The NMC has also issued material concerning mandatory disclosure of fee structures and stipend information.

This means that the Bhopal dispute should not be treated as though the medical interns are asking the state to invent a completely new obligation.

There is already a regulatory framework.

The real dispute is over the adequacy and determination of the amount.

The Question I Would Put to the Madhya Pradesh Government

I would ask the state a very simple series of questions.

1. Who fixed the original ₹13,928 stipend?
2. Under which government order?
3. Why was the amount increased to ₹14,337?
4. What exactly does the CPI-linked formula require?
5. When is the next revision due?
6. What is the government’s response to the ₹30,000 proposal?
7. Was a formal proposal prepared?
8. Was it sent to the Finance Department?
9. Was it placed before the Cabinet?
10. If not, why not?

These questions are more important than slogans.

They create a documentary trail.

And documentary trails win public-law cases.

The ₹30,000 Cabinet Question Must Be Handled Carefully

The interns have reportedly said that the government had indicated that a proposal for ₹30,000 would be placed before the Cabinet.

I have found reporting supporting that allegation.

But I have not located an authoritative copy of the actual Cabinet memorandum or Cabinet decision approving ₹30,000.

Therefore, I would not write:

“The Madhya Pradesh Cabinet approved ₹30,000.”

That would be irresponsible unless the actual record establishes it.

The legally safer formulation is

“The interns allege that the government had assured them that a proposal for ₹30,000 would be placed before the Cabinet.”

There is a very good reason for being precise.

If the actual file exists, the government should be able to produce it.

If it does not exist, that too becomes relevant.

The RTI Question That Could Change the Entire Case

I would immediately seek the following documents:

1. Certified copy of the current government order fixing the MBBS internship stipend.
2. Certified copy of the original order establishing the CPI-linked revision mechanism.
3. All subsequent revision orders.
4. The proposal for increasing the stipend to ₹30,000, if any.
5. Finance Department comments.
6. Cabinet memorandum.
7. Cabinet agenda/decision, if applicable.
8. Number of government medical interns.
9. Annual expenditure on internship stipends.
10. Comparative stipend information is available with the State.

This is the evidence that should sit behind the litigation.

Why the March 2026 Government Order Is So Important

The March 2026 order creates an interesting legal situation.

The State has demonstrated that it recognizes a stipend-revision mechanism.

But the interns are now asking a different question:

Is the underlying base stipend itself adequate?

The distinction can be illustrated simply.

Suppose a person has a base amount of ₹10,000, and the government increases it every year by inflation.

If the base amount was inadequate from the beginning, inflation adjustment does not necessarily solve the problem.

It merely preserves the purchasing power of an inadequate base.

That is the policy argument the interns should develop.

My Proposed Solution: ₹25,000 Now, ₹30,000 Through Evidence

If I were negotiating on behalf of the interns, I would propose a practical settlement.

Stage One

Increase the stipend immediately to ₹25,000.

This is strategically significant because ₹25,000 has already been used by the Supreme Court as an interim stipend in a medical-intern dispute.

Stage Two

Conduct a 90-day review.

Stage Three

The review should examine whether ₹30,000 is justified.

Stage Four

If justified, issue a government order fixing ₹30,000.

Stage Five

Create a permanent revision mechanism combining:

• Base stipend review + annual CPI adjustment.

This is better than repeatedly fighting over the same number.

Why ₹25,000 Is a Strong Interim Figure

I would not say:

“The Supreme Court has declared ₹25,000 to be the minimum.”

It has not.

I would say:

“The Supreme Court has previously directed ₹25,000 per month as an interim stipend after considering comparative stipend rates.”

That is accurate.

It gives the government a reasonable compromise.

It gives interns an immediate improvement.

And it leaves the ₹30,000 question open.

That is how difficult negotiations are sometimes won.

The ₹30,000 Demand Should Be Scientifically Defended

The interns should prepare what I would call a

Medical Internship Stipend Benchmark Report

It should compare:

• Madhya Pradesh;
• Uttar Pradesh;
• Delhi institutions;
• Other major states;
• Government medical colleges;
• Historical stipend revisions.

It should then add:

• Inflation;
• Workload;
• Duty requirements;
• Accommodation;
• Hospital workload;
• Number of interns;
• State expenditure.

The final report should answer one question:

What is a rational stipend for a compulsory medical internship in 2026?

If that evidence supports ₹30,000, the demand becomes considerably stronger.

The Police Action Is a Separate Constitutional Question

The September 7 incident must not be allowed to disappear into the stipend dispute.

Reports indicate that police used a water cannon when interns attempted to march, and interns have alleged injuries and excessive force. The Bhopal Police Commissioner has ordered an inquiry.

But there is an important legal discipline here.

I would not state as fact that:

“Police brutally attacked doctors.”

The evidence should establish what actually happened.

The correct legal formulation is

“The alleged disproportionate use of force requires an evidence-based and independent determination.”

That protects the credibility of the petition.

What Evidence Should Be Preserved?

Immediately.

CCTV

• CCTV;
• Hospital cameras;
• Hospital entrances;
• Surrounding roads;
• Traffic cameras;
• Police cameras.

Electronic Evidence

• Body-camera footage, if any;
• Police video;
• Original protest recordings;
• Control-room recordings;
• Wireless communications.

Police Records

• Deployment orders;
• Instructions;
• Dispersal directions;
• Water-cannon deployment records;
• Duty rosters.

Medical Records

• MLCs;
• X-rays;
• CT scans;
• Photographs;
• Treatment records.

The Proper Constitutional Inquiry

The critical question will eventually be:

What happened immediately before the force was used, who authorized it, what warnings were given, and whether less intrusive alternatives were available?

That is the proper constitutional inquiry.

Article 19 Protects Peaceful Protest—but Not Every Form of Protest

This point must be understood by the doctors themselves.

Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(1)(b) protect freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.

The Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized the importance of peaceful protest.

But the right is subject to reasonable restrictions.

In Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan v. Union of India, the Supreme Court emphasized the need to balance the rights of protesters with the rights of others.

In Amit Sahni v. Commissioner of Police, the Court considered the problem of prolonged occupation of public ways and the inconvenience caused to ordinary citizens.

Therefore, I Would Give the Interns Very Simple Advice:

Leave the road. Keep the protest.

A designated peaceful protest site is far easier to defend constitutionally than a blockade.

Protecting Patients Is Not a Weakness

There is a temptation during a protest to say:

“We will stop work until the government listens.”

I understand the frustration.

But medical professionals occupy a special position because their dispute directly intersects with another person’s life and health.

The Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized the importance of proper medical care and the public interest in regulating medical professionals.

Therefore, I would ask the interns to give a written undertaking:

Emergency and life-saving medical services will not be compromised.

That Should Include:

• Emergency department;
• ICU;
• Trauma;
• Labor-room emergencies;
• Life-saving surgery;
• Ambulance access.

This is not surrender.

It is strategy.

When you voluntarily protect patients, it becomes harder for the government to portray the entire movement as irresponsible.

The Doctors Should Not Make a Constitutional Claim They Cannot Sustain

I would particularly warn against saying:

“Doctors have a fundamental right to strike.”

That proposition is too broad.

The stronger constitutional claim is

Doctors have constitutional rights to expression and peaceful assembly, subject to lawful and reasonable restrictions.

The question of withdrawal of essential medical services is different.

A disciplined legal team must recognize that distinction.

The Government’s Strongest Defense

The State is likely to say:

“Stipend fixation is a policy and financial matter.”

That is a serious argument.

The answer should not be

“The Court must fix ₹30,000.”

Instead:

“We are not asking the Court to become the Finance Department. We are asking the Court to require the competent authority to make a rational, transparent, and time-bound decision.”

That is the heart of the proposed litigation.

The Article 226 Strategy

If negotiations fail, I would consider an Article 226 petition before the Madhya Pradesh High Court.

The principal relief should be carefully drafted.

The Court could be asked to direct the competent authority to:

• Examine the interns’ representation;
• Consider the NMC framework;
• Consider comparative stipend data;
• Examine the existing CPI-based mechanism;
• Examine workload and financial implications;
• Consider the ₹30,000 proposal;
• Issue a reasoned and speaking order within a fixed time.

The court need not itself determine the final stipend.

That is important.

Interim Relief: ₹25,000

Alongside the main prayer, the interns could seek consideration of ₹25,000 as an interim stipend, relying upon the Supreme Court’s previous treatment of ₹25,000 in Abhishek Yadav.

The petition should expressly acknowledge:

₹25,000 is not being asserted as a universal statutory minimum; it is being relied upon as a relevant judicial benchmark for interim relief.

That small drafting point can make a significant difference.

I Would Keep the Police Case Separate

The stipend issue and police-action issue should not become one confused constitutional petition.

They involve different questions.

Both can proceed without one depending entirely upon the other.

That is better litigation architecture.

What About Compensation for Injured Interns?

The answer should depend upon evidence.

If an intern suffered a documented injury caused by unlawful or disproportionate state action, the question of compensation can legitimately arise.

But I would not make a fixed compensation amount the centrepiece before medical evidence and the circumstances of the incident are established.

The First Demand Should Be:

1. Preserve the evidence.
2. Conduct a fair inquiry.
3. Fix responsibility if wrongdoing is established.
4. Consider appropriate compensation according to law and the proven injury.

That is much harder to attack.

The Financial Argument Needs One More Step

Based on reported figures, there are approximately 2,055 government MBBS interns in Madhya Pradesh.

Moving 2,055 interns from ₹14,337 to ₹30,000 would require an additional approximately ₹38.62 crore per year.

That is an arithmetic calculation based on reported numbers, not an official government expenditure figure.

Before presenting it in court, the number of government-funded interns must be verified.

But this calculation illustrates why the government should publish the actual financial impact.

If the State says:

“₹30,000 cannot be afforded,”

The obvious next question is

“What is the actual annual incremental cost, and what proportion of the medical education budget does it represent?”

Let the government produce the denominator.

A Permanent Solution: Base Stipend + CPI

This is, in my view, the most useful long-term reform.

Instead of:

Stipend = old stipend + CPI

The State should consider:

Stipend = periodically reviewed base amount + annual CPI adjustment.

The base amount should be reviewed using:

• Comparator States;
• Workload;
• Clinical responsibility;
• Inflation;
• Accommodation;
• Cost of living;
• Fiscal capacity.

Then CPI can protect the amount against erosion between major reviews.

This would prevent the same dispute from returning every few years.

The Bhopal Medical Internship Compact

I would put the following settlement proposal before the State:

This is the solution I would call the Bhopal Medical Internship Compact.

Why This Is Better Than “₹30,000 or Strike”

Because it gives everyone an exit.

That is how a settlement becomes possible.

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What I Would Tell the Government

I would also tell the government something.

Do not underestimate the legal problem by treating this simply as a protest.

The NMC framework requires stipend payment.

The Supreme Court has already enforced the regulatory requirement.

The Supreme Court has considered comparative stipend levels.

The state itself has a stipend revision mechanism.

And there is now a serious public dispute over whether the existing base amount remains adequate.

The government’s strongest course may therefore be

• Publish the record;
• Explain the formula;
• Disclose the financial implications;
• Negotiate honestly;
• Make a reasoned decision.

Transparency is cheaper than confrontation.

What I Would Tell the Interns

And I would tell the interns:

Do not win today’s protest and lose tomorrow’s court case.

Do not exaggerate.

Do not block ambulances.

Do not obstruct emergency patients.

Do not make unverified allegations against individual police officers.

Do not allow political parties to take over the movement.

Do not rely upon social media videos alone.

Instead:

Document, preserve, calculate, compare, negotiate, and litigate.

That is how professionals should fight a constitutional battle.

The 10 Actions I Would Take Immediately

1. Obtain the operative MP Government Order fixing the current stipend.
2. Obtain the original 2021 order governing CPI-linked revisions.
3. Obtain the complete file concerning the alleged ₹30,000 proposal.
4. Obtain Finance Department comments and Cabinet records.
5. Prepare the state-wise stipend comparison.
6. Verify the exact number of government interns.
7. Calculate the actual financial impact.
8. Preserve all evidence concerning the September 7 police action.
9. Give a written undertaking protecting emergency medical services.
10. If the government does not provide a credible written roadmap, approach the Madhya Pradesh High Court under Article 226.

The Larger Legal Question

The Bhopal dispute ultimately raises a question that extends beyond Madhya Pradesh:

When the State requires medical graduates to complete compulsory clinical internships within a regulated medical-education system, how should the State determine what constitutes an adequate stipend, and how should that amount be periodically reviewed?

I do not believe the answer is simply

“Whatever number the protesters demand.”

Nor is it:

“Whatever number the government last fixed.”

The better answer lies somewhere between the two:

Law + evidence + economics + medical regulation + constitutional fairness.

That is the framework I would place before the Court.

Conclusion: The Strongest Path to ₹30,000 Is Not to Shout Louder—It Is to Build the Record Better

The Bhopal medical interns have brought an important issue into public view.

But the next stage should be more sophisticated than the first.

The demand for ₹30,000 should not be abandoned.

It should be proved.

The existing ₹14,337 figure should not simply be labelled arbitrary.

The government has a March 13, 2026, order explaining that figure through a CPI-linked revision.

That fact makes the legal case more difficult—but also more interesting.

The question now is whether CPI adjustment alone is an adequate method for determining the base stipend of compulsory medical interns in 2026.

The Supreme Court’s Abhishek Yadav proceedings provide an important legal foundation because the Court has treated the NMC’s stipend requirement seriously and has previously ordered ₹25,000 as an interim stipend after considering comparative rates.

The police-action controversy should be pursued separately and responsibly.

If excessive force is proved, there must be accountability.

If it is not proved, the facts should say so.

That is what the rule of law requires.

My Advice Therefore Remains Straightforward:

• Leave the road.
• Keep the protest.
• Protect the patient.
• Preserve the evidence.
• Obtain the government file.
• Build the economic case.
• Seek ₹25,000 as an interim benchmark.
• Make ₹30,000 the outcome of an evidence-based review.
• And ask the High Court to ensure that the State makes a lawful, reasoned, and time-bound decision.

The ultimate objective should not be merely to obtain one government order increasing a stipend.

It should be to establish a system in which medical interns do not have to protest every few years simply because there is no rational mechanism for determining and revising their stipend.

A good lawyer does not merely fight the dispute before him. He tries to make sure that the same dispute does not have to be fought again.

That is the opportunity before the Bhopal medical interns today.

Facing a Legal Dispute Over Stipend, Service Rights, or Government Action?

When your legal rights, professional future, or livelihood are at stake, waiting can make the situation more difficult. A carefully planned legal strategy can help you understand your rights, evaluate the available remedies, and take the right step at the right time.

If you are a medical intern, doctor, medical association, or professional body seeking legal guidance regarding stipend disputes, government orders, administrative decisions, constitutional rights, Article 14, Article 19, Article 21, or proceedings before the High Court or Supreme Court, professional legal advice can help you assess the strongest available course of action.

Speak directly with an experienced Supreme Court advocate and understand your legal options before taking the next step.

Adv. Tarun Choudhury

Supreme Court Advocate | 25+ Years of Legal Experience

• 📞 Call: 9650499965
• 💬 WhatsApp: 8851978611

Your rights deserve more than a protest—they deserve a legally sound strategy.

Also Read: Santosh Pandit Arrest: How I Would Defend Him Under BNS, BNSS & IT Act.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What Is the Bhopal Medical Interns’ Stipend Protest About?

The Bhopal medical interns’ stipend protest concerns the demand by MBBS interns in Madhya Pradesh to increase the monthly internship stipend from ₹14,337 to ₹30,000. The interns are seeking a transparent and time-bound decision from the Madhya Pradesh government.

2. Is ₹30,000 a Legal Minimum Stipend for MBBS Interns in India?

No. ₹30,000 is not currently a universally prescribed statutory minimum stipend for MBBS interns. Under the NMC Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship Regulations, interns are entitled to a stipend fixed by the appropriate authority applicable to their institution, university, or state.

3. Can MBBS Interns Legally Challenge a Low or Delayed Stipend in Court?

Yes, depending on the facts. Medical interns may seek judicial review where there is an alleged violation of applicable NMC regulations, Article 14, administrative fairness, or an unreasonable or unexplained government decision. A writ petition under Article 226 before the High Court may be considered in an appropriate case.

4. What Did the Supreme Court Say About MBBS Internship Stipend?

In Abhishek Yadav v. Army College of Medical Sciences, the Supreme Court directed payment of ₹25,000 per month as an interim stipend to the concerned interns after considering stipend rates at comparable medical institutions. However, the order should not be misunderstood as creating a universal statutory ₹25,000 minimum for every medical intern in India.

5. What Is the Best Legal Strategy for Bhopal Medical Interns Seeking a ₹30,000 Stipend?

The strongest approach is to combine legal representation, documentary evidence, comparative stipend data, and a time-bound constitutional challenge where justified, rather than relying solely on an indefinite strike. Interns can seek disclosure and consideration of relevant government orders, proposals, and financial assessments while ensuring that emergency and life-saving medical services remain protected.

🔑 Key Takeaways: Bhopal Medical Interns’ ₹30,000 Stipend Demand

• Bhopal medical interns are demanding a monthly stipend increase from ₹14,337 to ₹30,000, making the issue a significant medical internship stipend and healthcare policy dispute in Madhya Pradesh.
• The ₹14,337 stipend is based on a Madhya Pradesh Government order revising the earlier ₹13,928 amount through a CPI-linked revision. The legal question is whether CPI adjustment alone adequately reflects the workload, clinical responsibility, and economic realities of compulsory medical internship.
• Under the NMC Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship Regulations, 2021, medical interns are entitled to receive a stipend fixed by the appropriate authority applicable to the institution, university, or state.
• The Supreme Court’s decision in Abhishek Yadav v. Army College of Medical Sciences is an important legal benchmark. The Court directed ₹25,000 per month as an interim stipend for the concerned interns, but ₹25,000 is not a universal statutory minimum for every MBBS intern in India.
• Article 14 of the Constitution may provide an important legal framework where a government’s stipend policy is alleged to be arbitrary, irrational, discriminatory, or unsupported by relevant data.
• Medical interns seeking a ₹30,000 stipend should build their case using objective evidence such as stipend rates in other states, inflation, cost of living, clinical workload, working hours, responsibilities, and government budgetary data.
• A stronger legal strategy is to seek a reasoned and time-bound government decision, rather than asking the High Court simply to fix a particular stipend amount.
• The right to peaceful protest is constitutionally protected, but protestors must also consider patients’ rights. Road blockades and obstruction of hospital access can create serious legal and public-interest complications.
• Any allegation of excessive police force during the Bhopal medical interns’ protest should be supported by evidence such as videos, medical records, eyewitness accounts, and contemporaneous documentation rather than assumptions.
• A sustainable solution would be a “Base Stipend Review + Annual CPI Adjustment” mechanism, ensuring that the stipend is periodically reassessed against both inflation and the actual economic and professional realities of medical internships.

Disclaimer

This article on the Bhopal medical interns’ stipend protest and ₹30,000 stipend demand is for general legal information and educational purposes only. It is based on publicly available laws, government orders, court judgments, and media reports available at the time of publication.

The legal analysis represents the author’s professional opinion and should not be treated as legal advice or as a guarantee of any particular court or government decision. Readers should consult a qualified advocate before taking legal action. This article does not create an advocate-client relationship.

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